Domestic Violence in the LGBT Community Reflection

Domestic violence in the LGBT Community ReflectionOn June 12, 1997. This day was started come forth like any other day. But afterward this tragedy would change the direction of my life forever. A domestic attend to stroke took dumbfound and I was the victim. The offender and I were close friends. We were sharing an flatcar unneurotic. Most of the people in the community would see us together on a daily basis, some of the neighbors would make it their mission to learn us, maybe because we did non pose a threat, and we would always speak. My roommate alike had children, 2 girls, and boy ages 14,13 and 9. They lived with their grandparents at the time. The shooting happening because my roommate accuses me of darnel and it escalated from there. She had driven out to my job earlier that day and confronting me with a shirt that had lipsticks stains on the collar. Of course, I denied the aggregation. When I progenyed home from work she was their still temper from earlier. We started yelling at one another back and forth and she grabs my pistol.The pistol that was used was a 22 caliber it was purchased from a friend it was not registered. We often get into heated arguments with each other and they usually calm down. But this time it was different, it was something more underneath the surface. The bullets were just purchased for that pistol a week ago before the shooting, I did not think it was loaded. When she shoot the weapon, I was setting on the edge of the bed, when my head flew back on the bed and blood starting running out of the side of my mouth. We were both in shock me not knowing the severity of the gunshot violate and her standing frozen in denial and frantic that my famiIly was going to kill her. She yelling at me to sit up and I could not without help, she comes everyplace and helps me up, now blood is running faster out of my mouth, and I am trying quietly to whisper to her to call 911, reassuring her that she did not dream up to sh oot me. At this time everyone nearby in the apartment interwoven heard the commotion and started to stand around outside as the police and EMS arrived. The landlord knew my mother, and I whisper to her not to let my mother know what had happened. Because she would contract been devasted. I also told the police that I was not going to conjure charges, the officers looks at me and shakes his head. She had a family and, I did not want to see her children suffer, because of the misapprehension that she had made. They transported me to Cape Fear Valley hospital. I was reluctant to give out any information to them concerning contacting my family. My worries were my family, especially my mother, I could not take my family by dint of this ordeal. They were notified, by who, I am not sure, I passed out at that time.We all know that domestic emphasis has been around for decades even centuries, primarily among straight, now it has entered into the LBGQT community. Most of the time heav y drinking plays a role, in domestic violence, such as, in my situation, we were both heavy drinkers, and she had been drinking at the time of the shooting. Men and Women are now experienced abuse and violence in relationships with their partners. Law enforcement, government agencies, and the general population acknowledge that domestic violence is a serious public health problem (Domestic Violence in the LGBT Community, 2011). Researcher has acknowledged that domestic violence among same-sex couples is similar to heterosexual couples. But because of certain laws, domestic violence victims in same-sex relationships are not identified as heterosexual relationships they can not get the help they need. This is due to the lack of legal recognition of same-sex relationships, law enforcements failure to place and properly handle domestic violence cases involving people of the same sex, and the famine of resources available to victims of same-sex partner domestic abuse (Domestic Violenc e in the LGBT Community, 2011). In most situation, shelters can not provide a safe place of care for gay men and lesbian because of certain legalities in our courts systems.During my edge with my battle back from my shooting. I would not identifies us as a couple. The shooting was due to an argument among friends. The shame of being label as lesbians and getting shot by your lover was not good in an African America family and cultural not for me. My family was concern about my aptitude to function normally, physical and financially after this had happened. We had worked out an agreement amidst the two of us that she would pay my car payments until I was able to return back to work. She started out for a while and then stop. If it is not authenticated by the courts you really do not have a legal right or obligation for the offender to comply with the agreement.ReferencesDOMESTIC force out AND LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER RELATIONSHIPS. (2006). Retrieved from National C oalition Against Domestic Violence file///C/Users/user/Desktop/ncadv_lgbt_fact_sheet.pdfDomestic Violence in the LGBT Community. (2011, June 14). Retrieved from Center For American Progress https//www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2011/06/14/9850/domestic-violence-in-the-lgbt-community/al., M. e. (2016). Violence Against Women in Selected Areas of the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 2156-2166.Shwayder, M. (2013, November 5). A Same-Sex Domestic Violence Epidemic Is Silent. Retrieved from The Atlantic Monthly Group https//www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/11/a-same-sex-domestic-violence-epidemic-is-silent/281131/

Financial Statements Analysis In Making Investment Decisions Finance Essay

Financial Statements Analysis In Making enthronisation Decisions Finance EssayDuring the fiscal crisis in 2008, the world witnessed the bankruptcies of leading satisfyings much(prenominal) as Lehman Brothers or Washington Mutual. These collapses ca employ the losses of many sh atomic number 18holders and dribble investors and increase the importance of monetary analytic thinking in investment. This project looks at the prerequisite of monetary account abstract in investment decision qualification with an emphasis on how to use it to reveal potential jeopardizes.Introduction matchless of the most important long-term decisions for any business is investment with the ingest of make gains in the early. Investment decisions are concerned with the use of currency including buying, holding or selling and to each one decision could be racy to a squiffy. A careless decision may result in a long-term loss or even worse, bankruptcy. Therefore, an in-depth understanding and abbreviation is necessary for a high quality investment decision process. This is overly even more critical to investors who invest in stock of confederacy or shareholders. Financial statement synopsis is critical in reservation effective stock investment decisions. By study the relaxation sheet, income statement, hard hard currency break away statement and statement of owners loveliness separately and combined, an psychoanalyst strength have a good sense of a guilds overall fiscal picture therefore, the investment decisions are likely to be reasonable and emolumentable.I. soul of pecuniary statements analytic thinkingIn order to understand the analysis of financial statements, it is necessary to define financial statements.According to Fabozzi (2003), financial statements are summaries of the in ope symmetryn(p), pay and investment activities of a business. These calculates provide in course of studyation to both investors and creditors in devising credit , investment, and other business decisions. In other words, financial statements might be utilize as a tool to predict a familiaritys proximo moolah.There are four elemental financial statements including the balance sheet, the income statement, the statement of cash rate of flows and the statement of shareholders comeliness.Firstly, the balance sheet is a compendious of the assets, liabilities and right of a business at a starticular time. Assets include the resources of an enterprise that are utilise to generate profits. Therefore, if a club owns assets, the company brush off expect them to produce cash inflows in the future. pick out for example, cars of a locomote company will be used in order to function customers and gain income to the company. Liabilities are obligations of the business, or in other words, the commitments to creditors in the form of future cash outflows. Another factor is Equity, which reflects ownership. This means equity represents the part of a firms place that is not owed to creditors and therefore is left over for the owners. Thus, equity is the difference between assets and liabilities.Another part of financial statements is income statement, which is a summary of the revenues and expenses of a business over a halt of time. Therefore, it shows both the results of the firms tell and financing decisions during that time, and people rotter also call this as the profit and loss statement.Thirdly, statement of cash flows is a summary over a period of time of a firms cash flows. This statement lists separately its ope proportionalitynal cash flows, put cash flows, and financing cash flows.The last of import part of financial statements is the statement of shareholders equity. This provides additional training active equity including the make senses and changes in equity accounts thus, it is considered as a link between the balance sheet and the income statement.Apart from the four main parts, the financial st atements include notes in order to give additional information to readers. The first notes summaries the companys accounting policies such(prenominal)(prenominal) as methods of list accounting, methods of wear and tear and foreign currency translation. Depending on each company, then there may be additional notes providing, for example, information on mergers or acquisitions.Financial statement analysis is a process that examines olden and actual financial date for the purpose of evaluating performance and estimating future risks and potential.II. What influences the making of Investment decision?In order to understand how financial report analysis affects investment decisions, it is important to understand the main contributing factors of making an investment decision.According to Cahill (2003), the investment decision making bases on respecting the sectors prospects, assessing the companys prospects and evaluating the abide by of company. A sectors prospects, which are depen dent upon the supply/ demand, pricing and cost trends deep down the industry, provide information to analyze a companys prospects in more details. Meanwhile, the analysis of the prospects for the company is based on four drivers including management and strategy, performance and excretes, financial positions and outlook for earnings. The combination of these factors determines the value put on a companys share. afterward analyzing the numbers and the four factors, it is important to evaluate those numbers with some approaches such as price/earning.As it can be seen clearly, financial statements are essential source of information in analyzing companys prospects and in evaluating companys value. Therefore, it is safe to make that financial statements analysis is important in the making of investment decision.III. The influences of financial statements analysis on investment decision1. Financial ratio analysis and its effectFinancial ratio is one of the most important tools of fin ancial analysis. In financial ratio analysis, the relevant information that will be processed is primarily from the financial statement data. A ratio is a mathematical relation between two quantities, in this case is from financial statements. Generally, by use financial ratios, investors can evaluate five aspects of operating performance and financial conditions including re acidify on investment, liquidity, profit skill, activity and financial leverage.With return on investment ratios, analysts compare measures of benefits, such as net income or earning before interest and taxes, with measures of investment in order to evaluate how salutary the firm uses its sources in its operating theaters. Thus, analysts could consider increasing their investment into the firm if its ratio of net income to total assets is larger than other firms in the same sector. Moreover, not only compare authentic figures, investors might compare a firms current ratio with its ratio in the past so that they could have a view of how well the firm operate in the recent period of time. On the other hand, investors can assess the companys liquidity, which is the top executive to meet the short-run obligations using current assets, by several ways including current ratio, degraded ratio or net working great to sales ratio. Take for example, a ratio of current assets to current liabilities will provide information about the comparison between assets that can be readily turn in to cash and obligations that are due in the nearly future. In other words, by calculating this ratio, people might know the ability of a company to satisfy obligation due in the near future therefore, they could have an valuable information about the safety of investing in that company. As it can be seen clearly, the higher a firms liquidity is, the more secure the investment is.Moreover, professional investors even extend their analysis skill by adding profitability ratios, which help them gauge how well a firm is managing its expenses. With detailed information in financial statements, investor can charter and use various profitability ratio in each case. For example, cypher an analyst wants to evaluate how well production facilities are managed, it is reasonable to sharpen on the comparison between gross profit, which is a measure of income that is direct result of production management, and sales. This ratio shows the portion of each dollar of sales that remains after deducting production expenses hence, the analyst might evaluate the firms ability to manage expenses. In general, it would be unwise to invest in a company that cannot control its expenditures appropriately (Akintoye, 2009).Apart from preceding(prenominal) ratios, activity ratios can be used to evaluate the benefits produced by specific assets thus, they would be helpful in specific circumstances. For instance, a ratio of cost of goods sold to inventory provide information about how quickly a firm has used inve ntory to generate the goods and services that are sold. Another kind of ratios is financial leverage ratio, which is used to assess how much financial risk the firm has taken on. These ratios are essential to evaluate the safety of investment decision to that company.Although financial ratio analysis help analysts in evaluating a firms operations, risk and potential returns so that they can decide to invest in the firms securities or not, this analysis cannot tell the whole story and must be used with care due to some limitations such as interpretation of the ratios or accounting data.2. Earning analysisIn order to give out a right investment decision, investors have to forecast the market value of firms securities, or in other words, forecast a companys cash flows in the future. However, this is knotty and as an alternative, investors examine the historical and current relation between stock price and some fundamental factors. In many cases, the factor is used to estimate the valu e of securities is earnings.Earnings are varying in different circumstances therefore, it is common to use different approaches depend on real(a) case. For example, if an investor is evaluating the performance of a companys operations, the focus is likely on the operating earnings of the company the earnings before interest and taxes.Generally, earning analysis is usually referred to the amount of earning per share of stock. In this case, the EPS (earnings per share), which shows how much on each share is bring in by the firm in a given accounting period, is widely used. A firm with high EPS seems to be a profitable firm and is worth to invest in thus, EPS can play a probatory role in investment decision making.However, earnings can be adjusted by the firm itself and in fact, there are pressures that forte the firm to adjust its earnings such as meeting analyst forecast or meeting shareholders expectation. In particular, earnings can be manipulated using a number of devices in cluding the pickax of inventory method and the selection of depreciation method. The pressure to report constantly increasing earnings may also result in wrong earning report. For example, Leslie Fay showed increasing earnings in 1990 and 1991, even though its business was not that excellent (Fabozzi, 2003). Therefore, similar to using financial ratios analysis, earning analysis should be done with most careful attitudes.3. bullion Flow analysisAccording to Fabozzi (2003), cash flow play an important role in valuation and help analyst calculate the current value of a company base on the present value of its expected future cash flow. Moreover, understanding cash flow allows an investor to assess the ability of a firm to maintain current dividends and its current capital expenditure policy without relying on international financing.Currently, a firm reports its cash flows on the statement of cash flows using either the direct method, which is reportage all cash inflows and outflow s, or the indirect method, which is adjustment the net income with depreciation and other noncash expenses. By looking at the relations among cash flow from operations, cash flow from investing activities and cash flow from financing activities, an analyst could have a overview of the firms activities. For example, a young fast growing company is likely to have a negative cash flows from operation and a positive cash flows from financing activities because the company rely on external financing. Examination of the sources of cash flows, especially over time, gives analysts a general caprice of the companys operations. For instance, PG, which is a mature firm, has a consistent cash flow. Moreover, cash flow information may help the analyst identify companies that may charge financial difficulties. A clear example of this case is W.T. Grant company during 1966-1974 with no definite clues of bankruptcy that were showed on profitability ratio, turnover ratio and liquidity ratios. Howe ver, a study of cash flows from operations clearly revealed that company operations were causing an increasing drain on cash (Fabozzi, 2003).For above reasons, cash flow analysis is an essential part of making investment decision.ConclusionFinancial analysis is the basis for investment and financing decisions and the basic data for this analysis is the financial statement data. This data can be used to analyze the relationships between different elements of a firm in order to provide an overview as well as an in-depth view of companys operation and financial condition. Moreover, by looking at the calculated financial ratios, in the connection with economic data, investor can make judgments about past and future financial performance and conditions. Besides, earnings analysis and cash flow analysis may provide even more detailed information about the firm, and also help investor to see potential risk. Therefore, it is safe to assume that financial statement analysis play an irreplace able role in making investment decisions.

Professional Learning Communities What They Mean To Teachers Education Essay

Professional Learning Communities What They smashed To T to each iodiners pedagogics EssayProfessional accomplishment communities (PLCs) rush been described as structures within which professionals- in particular instructors- target refine their skills, re naked as a jaybird their spirits, and expand the scope of their knowledge (Fogarty Pete, 2006, p. 49). fifty-fifty though the proceedss atomic number 18 irradiate, at that place atomic number 18 numerous challenges entangled in creating and managing PLCs. Such challenges welcome typically been broken d cause into concerns ab tabu (1) decision snip and separatewise oercoming logistical challenges to instruct (2) designing appropriate train interventions and (3) maximizing coach potence. This literature brushup testament address each of these concepts by examining limited research directions posen by current theorists in the field of professional dogma, with the function of illustrating the spectrum of a ctivity along which train discount succeed or fail. After doing so, the literature review will alike discuss broader theoretical and methodological approaches to the muse of learn, including analyses of the roles of (1) race and opposite socio economical factors (2) theories of demand and (3) theories of shapingal training.Defining and Contextualizing PLCsRigorous definitions of the PLC, and depict-based guidelines for its functioning, began to appear in the belatedly nineteenth atomic number 6. In the U.S., the entire project of teacher breeding took a huge step forward with the appearance of a number of periodicals utilize to the subject, including The National Teacher, which debuted in 1870. It is highly likely that the professionalization of pedagogy in the U.S. had a great flock to do with the bring outnce of a standardised method of teacher discipline, including the creation of bollock PLCs. In the third book of account of The National Teacher, published in 1873, the following passage appe bedFirst, in that respectfore, the prospective teacher should be trained in the handling of illustrative material, apparatus, charts, maps, diagrams, objects, etc.his practice in them should be such as will enable him to hire forth front the eye what disregard be really imperfectly addressed to the ear. This should be d single, in the first instance, sequesteredly, or in the presence of the members of a teaching class, subject to their variety but searching criticism(Mitchell, 1873, p. 367)This passage is mavin of the first allusions, at least in American sources, to the nonion of a professional cultivation community.It is worth situating the emergence of the PLC into the broader stream of professionalization and scientific reordering of vocations in post-Civil War America. Ellis and Hartley (2004) argued that the Civil War, which had mobilized the nations resources in service of wide-cut warf are, had exposed glaring delicatenesse s in the organization and practice of many professions, starting line with the army and ex leading to nursing, teaching, and manufacturing. concord to Ellis and Hartley, nursing was one of the first professions to be good professionalized in the aftermath of the Civil War, but different professions soon followed (p. 133).It is innate(p) to draw the likely connection among the professionalization of nursing and the professionalization of teaching, twain of which were historically feminine practices that, in the wake of the Civil War, were re-aligned with manly lights of the scientific method and the professionalization of cook. The emergence of the check offing community can certainly be placed into this context of masculinization. Mitchell (1873) himself make a coincidence between (largely female) teaching and (largely male) medicine, to the detriment of teaching (p. 362). In Mitchells opinion, one of the variables that do medicine to a greater extent scientific than te aching was the fact that medical practitioners c alleviationlessly mentored, critiqued, promoteed, and otherwise engaged with one another, whereas American teaching had not benefited from this kind of inter-vocational inter transport.At first, American pedagogical theorists did not suggest that a PLC ought to last separately from a teaching college. Rather, these theorists thought of the professional learning community as a kind of epiphenomenon of the teaching college. For ideal, an anonymous writer rig only by a city of origin (New Haven, CT) to the U.S. Bureau of Education in 1885 had the following to say virtuallywhat a professional learning communityA few points, enforced each week and whitethornbe illustrated with a class, will bring up the teaching powers of those who have not had a professional training, and they will not be wearied out by trying to apply a crude mass of theories.The attendance at such meetings should be voluntary. in that location should be such a tone of interest and enthusiasm in a community as will inspire teachers with an honest and eager desire to know how to work(p. 274)At this point in American pedagogy, instruction was palliate meted out by supers (or pedagogues) to teachers, but in that location was a recognition that the input of the fellow community of teachers was just as important to teacher development as any model of top- stilt instruction or professionalization. The PLC was at this point defined not as a separate set of development activities, but as a kind of grassroots camaraderie between teachers in master wital development settings. Soon, however, the modern definition of the PLC would emerge.It is im realizable to submit with certainty when the shift from the early, voluntary PLC led by the superintendent began to adjudge way to the much formal, school-managed PLC. It appears that the shift took place over the 1930s and began to cementum itself by the 1940s. Otto (1944) offered an explanation of the changing role of the principal, and how it lent itself to closer, school-level management of the PLC. consort to Otto (1944), American secondary schools continued to grow in size and complexness until the superintendent was no longer able to manage or own all of the processes for which the role had previously been responsible thus, for example, The growing need for more and wear out supervision of classroom instruction suggested the desirability of planning the administrative organization so that this need could be met (p. 197). There were two stages in the hand-off of PLCs from the superintendent to principals firstly, in the 1930s and early 1940s, office staff associated with the superintendent appear to have taken over responsibility for all aspects of vocational teacher development (Otto, 1944, p. 197) however, when Otto (1944) was writing, at that place was already another hand-off at a lower placeway from primordial bureaucrats to the principal. After the Second W orld War, the principal emerged as the figure nearly responsible for defining, managing, and otherwise financial reenforcement the professional learning community in American schools.Just as the Civil War had introduced conceptions of industrial organization to various vocations, the Second World War created manpower and resource shortages that prompted a faster transition from interchangeized control over teacher development to a more communal, school-level management of the process (Troyer, Allen, and Young, 1946, p. 241). These forces remain very much in effect today.Instructional instruct and The Four Types of CoachingAccording to Wilson and Gislason (2009), there are four types of coach inner(a) coaching, peer coaching, manager-performed coaching, and orthogonal coaching (p. 56). As their names suggest, peer coaching is slightly coaching that is delivered by colleagues to each other manager-based coaching is delivered by managers (or, in the educational context, p rincipals, superintendents, and/or other administrators) to teachers foreign coaching is typically performed by consultants and internal coaching, by contrast, includes all the kinds of coaching that are provided in-house.All four kinds of coaching have been employed in the instructional coaching context. dub (2005) documented a wave of hiring of outside instructional coaches by U.S. public schools in the 1990s and first half of the 2005, driven by the urgency of achieving fundamental reading and mathematics competency skills tied to national funding and the perception that schools themselves did not contain the proper instructional resources to achieve this task. According to Clarkson and Taylor (2005, p. 4), one of the problems created by the No Child left hand Behind (NCLB) initiative was a push to define instructional coaching as the rote committal to memory of standards rather than an internalization of the pedagogical principles needed to teach up to those standards. Thu s, it can be argued that external coaching becomes more popular in meter of external stress on teachers to perform to a particular standard, whereas, in ordinary times, genuinely pedagogical (rather than instrumentalist) internal coaching is the more popular form of instructional coaching (Mat meatara, Sartoris, Bickel, Garnier 2009).In modern supposition, peer coaching is praised for its egalitarian values, but theorists are in addition concerned that teachers want the specific pedagogical background and expertise to make other teachers better. For example, Buly, Coskie, Robinson, and Egawa (2006) have argued that the external coach is focused on getting teachers to ask why in a structured formulate, whereas teachers are themselves often concerned with teaching other practical and specific strategies.Barriers in PLCs and Instructional Coaching LogisticsOne of the major(ip) challenges in creating coaching interventions for PLCs is simply finding the time and opportunity to b ring together busy professionals for dedicated learning and training. This challenge is a especially pressing one in the current economic environment, in which so many working professionals are being called upon to do less with more. Thus, as Fogarty and Pete (p. 49) pointed out, an excellent place to begin a discussion of professional learning communities is in the realm of logistics, i.e. how to create the time and space for such communities, which is as much of a problem today as it was when Troyer, Allen, and Young (1946) wrote virtually the logistical challenges of organizing and managing the PLC in wartime.Abdal-Haqq (1996) argued that, within school settings particularly, PLCs scheduling ought to be strengthened directly into both the workday and the job descriptions of teachers (although this advice applies equally well to other communities of practice). Abdal-Haqq (1996) concludes that the greatest challenge to implementing effective professional development is lack of time (p. 1), so great responsibility falls on the shoulders of leaders and managers who mustiness accommodate PLCs in terms of schedules and job design.Fernandez (2002) made the point that make time and space for PLCs to thrive is itself part dependent on ethnic approaches. She discussed the case of the Japanese educational system, in which a great deal of accent is placed on lesson study, in which teachers are given the time and opportunity to reflect on both their practice and that of others (p. 393). There is more pres sure as shooting on individual professionals to take advantage of existing resources, and to take the lead in overcoming logistical barriers to embed themselves within PLCs. While there is extensive lip service paid to the value of PLCs, professional development is often subject to self-regulation rather than proper top- go through guidance, argued Butler, Lauscher, Jarvis-Selinger, and Beckingham (2004). Having surveyed the history of PLC development, it beco mes clear that the absence of top-down guidance is itself part of the steady downward transference of administrative power tracked by Otto (1944). While Japan appears to have retained a centralized and top-down structure for managing and livelihooding PLCs and other forms of teacher development, in the U.S. such responsibility has devolved down to the principal.For many theorists, the logistics of PLCs are inseparable from school system support for teachers. For example, Lappan (1997) offered the following insight The topical anesthetic capacity to support trade is central to implementing reforms. Teachers, and those who support teachers, need time-time to learn (p. 207). Of course, in this context, it should be pointed out time is a valuable commodity. There is a powerful tension between the time and resources needed for supporting the local logistics needed for nurturing professional learning communities and the time and resources needed by principals, administrators, and othe r supporters of development for other tasks. Unfortunately, as Abdal-Haqq (1996, p. 1) in any case suggests, schools are face up with a zero sum environment, in which to support the PLC is to remove support from some(a) other organizational goal. It is in this context that the logistical difficulties of PLC support should be understood. Moreover, until schools enjoy increased funding, it is not clear that the logistical problems far-famed as early as Troyer, Allen, and Young (1946) will simply evaporate.Of course, one way in which the problem could be solved is by employing PLCs themselves to ease the logistical problems faced by schools. To the extent that teachers could train and develop other teachers without extensive time and resource commitments, PLCs could be of great economic benefit as in the Second World War, the teacher-training-teacher paradigm could yield economic benefits rather than sucking up resources. For PLCs to existently operate in this fashion requires clos e attention to the variable of coaching design.Barriers in PLCs and Instructional Coaching Change ManagementFrom at least the 1870s onwards, there has been a productive debate on how to top hat deploy teachers to train and develop other teachers. In the first stage of this debate, from Mitchell (1873) to Arnold (1898), it was assumed that merely talking intimately pedagogy and other teaching-related issues in a voluntary, informal meeting would assist junior teachers in their development. Over the decades, voluntary meetings gave way to more formal in-school development architectural plans, particularly when the Second World War forced schools to study more resource-efficient ways to engage in teacher training.In this context, the counter of coaching design is that, if there is a sound system under which to transfer teacher knowledge from of age(p) to junior colleagues, the PLC can carry through school systems time, money, and administrative commitment. On the other hand, if coaching design is itself weak or unmotivated, then teachers will resist it and the PLC will fail to suffer its promise. These issues are at the heart of the modern debate on coaching design.In contemporary times, there is much more urgency around the subject of coaching design thanks to the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2002, which has directly tied student performance to federal funding and accreditation. Killion (2005) is one of many theorists who has pointed out that one response to NCLB is the execution of instructional coaching to improve instruction and student performance.Instructional coaching is a relatively new phenomenon, at the core of which is a strong belief that professional learning improves teaching practices and teaching practices improve student achievement (Knight, 2007 Killion Harrison, 2006 Knowal Steiner, 2007). Instructional design is not easy to implement because, as Knight (2007) has pointed out, teachers are not innately resistant to change o ver will tend to resist poorly-designed agendas of change. As such, it is of the utmost importance to arrive at an reason of the best practices of coaching design.In an organizational context, instructional coaching provides motivating to mentees, which in turn is intended to improve the productivity and morale of mentees. When instructional coaches work with students, their sole purpose is to demonstrate and model best teaching practices to teachers in order to improve student teaching (Knight, 2007). Motivation is the refer to sagaciousness the role that good coaching should play within a professional learning community (Bransford, 2000).Coaching design principles vary astray depending on the specific kind of professional development that is being pursued. Fortunately, however, there appears to be some consensus on best practices for coaching design. Bransfords (2000) seminal book, How throng Learn, argued that coaching design should have four centrisms i.e., it should be le arner- touch on, knowledge-centered, assessment-centered, and community-centered (p. 188).There are many different interpretations of how these four foci can be best captured in a PLC. For example, Beyerbach, Weber, Swift, and Gooding (1996) emphasized that the knowledge focus of PLC design ought to have a practical component, so that members of the community understand the practical applications of what they are being taught (pp. 101-102). For teachers, this practical component can be satisfied by understanding why, in the context of real-world problem solving, it is requisite for them to develop a new skill or refine an existing one.Another recent emphasis in coaching design for community-centered learning is the utilization of collaborative software, particularly blogs and wikis, which have the potential to span each of Bransfords focus areas for coaching design. Higdon and topaz (2009) stated that blogs and wikis had an important role in creating a more centered learning envir onment,There is wide consensus in the academic literature active the usefulness of instructional coaching within professional learning communities. deep down a professional learning community, the qualities of good teaching for students should overly be evident in professional learning for teachers (DuFour Eaker,1998 Bransford, 2000). However, there are also a number of obstacles to the implementation or the success of instructional coaching, including logistical factors (such as potential coaches lack of time), institutional factors (such as a lack of managerial support for coaching), and professional factors (such as coaches lack of relevant skills). deviation aside these barriers, good coaching design may not be so much a matter of pedagogical design as it is a matter of change management. Bransford (2000) and other researchers have already explained the evidence for best practices in specific aspects of coaching design the issue is not so much the content of coaching design as it is the extremity of convincing teachers to go along with coaching. In this regard, there are some helpful theoretical contributions from business literature, which has long struggled with the question of optimal change management in organizations. Jensen and Kerr (1994, p. 408), based on a case study of change at Pepsi, argued that the following five questions had to be satisfactorily answered forward constituents bought into a change agendaWhy must we change, and why is this change important?What do you want me to do?What are the measures/consequences of change/no change?What tools and support and available to me?Whats in it for me?These questions of change management emerge at the point of implementation i.e., as soon as it becomes necessary to transition from a theory of the professional learning community to an actual implementation, requiring in breakectual and emotional buy-in from teachers. But change management is an issue that is better tackled not by coaching desig ners, whose responsibility is to transfer principles such as those of Bransford (2000) to local pedagogical contexts, but at the level of what can be called effectuality maximization of the PLC.Effectiveness Maximization and Theoretical ApproachesThere is varied agreement on the importance of PLCs, and even on the operational and conceptual details that PLC must satisfy in terms of coaching design. The crux of the problem lies not necessarily in those details but more in the question of how to maximize the effectiveness of PLCs. First, there is the logistical question. If there is little institutional time, resources, and guidance put into PLC program creation and management, then coaching programs are unlikely to be effective. However, even organizations that have hurdled over the logistical challenge and implemented some form of PLC must still solve the question of how to maximize their coaching programs effectiveness, including the considerations of change management as highligh ted by Jensen and Kerr (1994).There are some convincing arguments that PLCs resist naive methods of evaluation and improvement, which creates a fundamental challenge at the level of effectiveness maximization. Revans (1979), the pioneer of the action research concept, saw the creation and functioning of a PLC as a holistic process, one that cannot be dissected and meliorate on a part-by-part level. To Revans (1979), a functional PLC is something that both managers and participants can make out only by taking part in it. This dynamic has something of a chicken-and-egg quality to it, as an effective PLC requires planning, but the proper inputs of planning may only become apparent after a PLC has been launched.Even with this limit point in mind, it is still possible to both measure and improve the effectiveness of a coaching component of a PLC by surveying participants about(predicate) how they are benefiting from the specific coaching program, and employing these insights to str ucture the back-end processes that feed into the PLC. Borko (2004) argued that it is certainly possible to measure factors such as teacher (or, for that matter, any other form of professional) learning and satisfaction moreover, teacher performance in classrooms can also be measured by such standards as student evaluations and similar test scores. The point is that, when a PLC is working properly, its results will show themselves in a number of domains. It is incumbent on managers or others who oversee these programs to gather baseline data in order to measure the programs achievements, and also to identify the areas that need renewed attention and resources. Maximizing the effectiveness of PLCs thus comes down to both measurement and targeted action (Dufour, Dufour, Eaker Karhanek, 2004 Saphier West, 2010 and Knight 2009), whose basis can be the experience of mentees.It is necessary, at this point, to consult some theories of motivation and organizational development in order to consider how to best maximize the effectiveness of PLCs. untold of the literature on PLCs takes it for granted that teachers are motivated to buy into the program however, it need not be the case that teachers are motivated, or that PLCs are constituted so as to maximize the strengths of the organization. Fortunately, theoretical literature has made it easier to understand the overlap between PLCs, motivation, and organizational development.Herzberg (1966) argued that someone who is motivated is very a sight to behold, as they put all of their heart and psyche into an activity. Love of work is certainly the strongest motivator of batch (p. 141). Coaches exist partly to instill mentees with love of work, via a number of mechanisms, including that of instrumentality, or making sure that people have the tools that they need to accomplish a work task. bank bill that instrumentality was also part of Jensen and Kerrs (1994) framework for appropriate change management. If people la ck the tools to achieve what is asked for them, they will not only resist change but also lose motivation. As such, administrators should bear in mind that every tool (including time) put in the hands of PLC members effects the motivation of individual members, and therefore the overall success of the PLC.According to the theoretical mental institution provided by organizational psychologists such as Herzberg, Vroom (1964), and Maslow (1993), instructional coaching should have a salutary effect on mentees in so far as coaching instills mentees with instrumentality and motivation. One part of this dissertations purpose is to measure the impact of good coaching, as reported by mentees, and also to assess the impact of bad or nonexistent coaching. Doing so is an suffice in the measurement of organizational motivation and morale as conceptualized by a number of influential theorists in the field. For example, Banduras (1997) social learning theory is sometimes cited in the coaching li terature and explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences. The central aspect of Banduras (1977) theory is the claim that humans learn by watching others model behavior. Thus, psychological theory now provides firm support for the idea of coaching as a transfer of desirable behavior from elderberry bush to junior members of a community.Clearly, then, theory has a great deal to tell us about the scientific basis for PLCs, and also about how best to maximize their effectiveness. Some of the theories surveyed in this section, for example, have emphasized the importance of motivation and instrumentality in the PLC.One final theory that ought to be considered is that of alleged(prenominal) noxious mentorship. It will be recalled that, as early as Arnold (1898), there is an assumption that, when teachers come together for purposes of development, mutual reinforcement and learning will inevitably take p lace. It is taken for granted, both by Arnold (1898) and by Mitchell (1873), that senior teachers have the best interests of the profession, and of their junior colleagues, in mind. This assumption, however, might be nave. There is now a great deal of research on dimensions of coaching and mentorship that fail due to the attitudes of senior teachers. Webb and Shakespeare (2008), Atkin and Wilmington (2007), and Grossman (2007) have all discussed so-called toxic mentorship as one of the ways in which coaching goes wrong, for example when coaches are burned out, unhelpful, scornful of their own profession, unethical, or not involved enough or knowledge to provide adequate feedback. The aforementioned researchers have called attention to toxic mentorship in the nursing field, in which there has been more of an attempt of late to critique bad coaching. However, educational literature in general has not yet grappled as extensively with the concept of the toxic mentor, which is another reason why it is timely and relevant to ask mentees about this concept, as part of a more general data-gathering project on the measurable impact of mentorship on productivity and morale.ConclusionThis literature review has covered a great deal of ground in attempting to illuminate the concept of the professional learning community, all the way from the seventeenth century to the present day. The conclusion is reserved for discussing an important ammunition chest in the research, and employing this lacuna to lend context to the research carried out by this dissertation.It will be noted that, for all of its history, teacher development in general and the PLC in particular have been defined by people other than the constituents. At first, superintendents had the greatest input into the process later, principals took on this mantle. Throughout the process, senior teachers exercised a great deal of influence, as they had the prized knowledge that was to be passed on and passed down to junior colleagues. In the century of literature surveyed here, it is interesting to note that very few, if any, researchers have focused on the ability of mentees to provide important feedback about the nature of coaching within the PLC. It is almost invariably assumed that some outside authority, whether the superintendent or principal, is the owner of the process, while senior teachers are the drivers of the process.This attitude may be about to change because, in PLCs as in business communities, there is a move to recognize the centrality of the so-called customer. In this case, the customer of coaching is the mentee, the recipient of coaching. In both private business and public policy contexts, the customer has increasingly become both the owner and the driver of certain processes. Businesses conduct surveys of customers in order to determine what to produce. Public sector organizations, similarly, turn to the citizen-stakeholder as the ultimate owner of a process, and try to o rient processes accordingly.It may be that, in coaching, the focus is about to shift from the top of the pyramid to the base That is, from the traditional owners of coaching to its customers, videlicet teachers. It is possible that teachers will, in future, play an enhanced role in directive the direction of coaching, specifically by providing input as to what kind of coaching works and what kind does not. Of course, this kind of input does not constitute the sum total of what is needed to create an effective PLC, but it is also unthinkable that learning communities can long thrive or survive without being driven by the interests and predilections of their own customers.It should also be noted collegiality has been a foundational value of the PLC. Indeed, the functioning of PLCs from the nineteenth century onwards has required a spirit of collegiality in that members of such communities must be open to critique, liberal with help of others, and committed to coexistence and mutual advancement.

Pestel Analysis Of Japan Economics Essay

Pestel psychoanalysis Of lacquer Economics EssayAny person wishing to substance goods must declare them to the Director-General of Customs and obtain an importing permit aft(prenominal) necessary interrogatory of the goods concerned. The formalities start with the lodging of an import solving and end with issuance of an import permit afterward the necessary examination and payment of Customs duty and excise tax.The g e very(prenominal)wherenment announced an departure of a record JPY53.5 one thousand thousand in freshly g overnment bonds in FY09 which made government-debt-to-gross domestic product ratio reach 200%.More assertive treat in the political arena participation in UN peace-keeping operations pursuance permanent membership of the UN Security Council.A policy deadlock is occlude necessary reforms, suffocating lacquers productive firms, producing ever more globe debt and set lacquers flexible governance model and strong social partnership at risk. The result i s that japans major companies are actively seeking a new future in businesses abroad.The first major wave of deregulation during the previous(a) 1980s was initiated out of necessity, to open up capital markets to international enthronisation and to help finance the growing social security burden with the attend of a more flexible financial system.The second attempt at major structural reforms came in 2002, after japans economic system had become level off more dependent on finance from public financial institutions and public works. By 2001, public financial institutions had become responsible for closely financial transactions and fully one-third of overall credit allocation.Bureaucracy is astray regarded as exceptionally right on and reaches into numerous areas of life. Japan has often been mark the completely functioning so International Policy Analysis on earth. But the government is not large in terms of come or consumptionECONOMIC AnalysisPublic debt 201% of GD P.Revenue $614 trillionFDI stock $205.4 billion 09.The yen (sign code JPY) is the bills of Japan. It is the third or so-traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the Euro and the linked States dollar.Japan in Figures2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Real GDP Growth1, % 1.9 2 2.4 -0.68 -8.8Yearly CPI Inflation2, % -0.3 0.2 0.6 0.4 -0.1fiscal Balance3, % GDP -7.1 6.2 -5.4 -4.9 -6.5Unemployment4, % 4.4 4.3 7.4 3 4.4Current Account Balancre 3.6 3.9 4.8 3.2 2.7Unemployment measure 5.6% in 2010.GDP growth 0.9%.Industries Manu featureuring, construction, distribution, real estate, services, and communication are Japans major industries today. Agriculture makes up only around two percent of the GNP. Most meaning(a) plain product is rice. Resources of afflictive materials are very limited and the mining labor rather minor.Exports Japans main trade goods are cars, electronic devices and computers. Most important trade partners are China and the USA, followed by South Korea, Tai wan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand and Germany.Imports Japan has a surplus in its export/import balance. The most important import goods are raw materials such as oil, foodstuffs and wood. Major supplier is China, followed by the USA, Australia, Saudia Arabia, South Korea, Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates.The CPI fell to -2.4% yoy mainly due to scathe slashing campaigns like Jpy 690 jeans and Jpy280 beef-rice bowls.Japan has achieved tremendous economic development by taking advantage of their maritime location and resources.Japan is characterized by small farms labor intensive technologies, great use of fertilizers, and the dominance of rice. Only near 25% of the land area is suitable for agriculture .The remainder consists of wood covered mountains.Generally, Japan is resource poor. Therefore, Japans economic successes depended on imported raw materialsSOCIAL ANALYSISJapan is situated in northeastern Asia surrounded by the North Pacific and the Sea of Japan. The area of Japan is 377,873 square kilometers, around equivalent to Germany and Switzerland combined or slightly smaller than California.There is only one official language spoken in Japan, which is of course Japanese. However, many Japanese are able to on a lower floorstand English to a certain(p) extent since English is the foreign language that everyone must learn as part of compulsory education.Food Rice is the staple of the Japanese diet. They similarly eat seafood, beef, pork, chicken, dairy, vegetables and fruits. They have Japanese-style noodles, as well as spaghetti and bread.Japans population is over 126 million. Most Japanese reside in densely populated urban areas. Japans capital urban center is Tokyo. The population of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area including the city, nigh of its suburbs and the surrounding area is roughly 12 million.Major cities of Japan and their approximate populationsCityPopulationTokyo12,059,000Yokohama3,426,000Osaka2,598,000Nagoya2,171,000Sapporo1,822,0 00Kobe1,493,000Fukuoka1,290,000Sendai1,008,0005. Human development index Japan ranks 11 among the 174 countries when talking of Human development index. There were more than speed of light deaths and many school trips cancelled due to H1n1 epidemics.6, In Clothing most people ordinarily wear western-style clothes. Some schools have uniforms. The traditional clothing, called kimono (kee-mo-no) is fatigued only on special occasions, such as New long time Day, graduations, and tea ceremonies.Housing the traditional Japanese homes are wooden buildings with tiled roofs. However, most of the contemporary houses and apartments are western style and made of concrete.tourism count and Nationalities Tourism in Japan comprises both(prenominal) a vibrant domestic sector and over eight million entries each stratum by foreigners.Religions its take from populationName of religion Estimated Population Its dish out from populationShinto106,000,00049.30%Buddhism96,000,00044.65%Christianity2,0 00,0000.93%Islam125,0000.06%Theravada1,5000.001%BuddhismJudaism6000.0003%Others10,872,9005.06%TOTAL215,000,000100%Technological AnalysisJapan reached a level equivalent to or beyond that of the U.S. By 1987, the U.S. segment of Defense found that Japan held the lead in twelve of 24 major categories of semiconductor technology, with a 50% share of the human being market, up from 30% a decade earlier.As of 2005, one fractional of heartiness in Japan is produced from petroleum, a fifth from coal, and 14% from natural gas. atomic power in Japan makes a quarter of electricity achievement and Japan would like to threefold it in the next decades.In 2008, Japan class-conscious third in the world in electricity production, after the United States and China, with 1.2510 GWh produced during that year.Japan was the worlds second largest producer of photovoltaic electricity until overtaken by Germany in 2005, a year in which it had 38% of the world supply compared to Germanys 39%..Japan leads the world in robotics, possessing more than half (402,200 of 742,500) of the worlds industrial robots used for manufacturing.It has developed a series of rockets, the latest and the most powerful of which is H-IIB. H-IIA/B rockets which have the capability of carrying 8-ton payload to the GTO at uttermost are now managed by the private-own company Mitsubishi Heavy IndustryMakoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Masukawa, and Yoichiro Nambu who is an American citizen when awarded, shared the physics valuate and Osamu Shimomura also won the chemistry prize in 2008.LEGAL FACTORSJapan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the emperor butterfly is very limited.Power is held chiefly by the Prime minister of Japan and other elected members of the regimen, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people.The emperor moth acts as the head of state on diplomatic occasionsJapans legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The Diet consists of a field of operati ons of Representatives with 480 seatsThe Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Emperor after being designated by the Diet from among its members.19th century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civic law of Europe, notably GermanyCivil unsecured debt collection remedies, if a debitor has defaulted in payment of its debt, a creditor may file a relocation against the debtor with a competent local court to obtain a judgment ordering the payment.The law regarding composition proceedings has been repealed, and the law regarding embodied arrangement proceedings, while still in effect, is rarely utilized. Since the collapse of the alleged(prenominal) bubble economy in Japanin Japan, insolvency cases have change magnitude dramatically, and new laws were enacted to address the changed circumstances facing Japan.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSJapanese city and prefectural authorities have focused on the reduction of substantialness waste going to landfill. This of course is in response to the lack of low-cost space available for landfill sites. Their approach relies heavily on four major factors 1) technological advancements in incineration 2) technological advancements in plastics recycle 3) Comprehensive production-side cycle stream package labeling and 4) wide consumer-side/household participation in recycling and waste material separation (bunbetsu).The Cool Biz campaign introduced under former Prime Minister of Japan Junichiro Koizumi was targeted at reducing goose egg use through the reduction of air conditioning use in government.Japanese government started its whaling for research purposes the following year. This whaling program has been criticized by environmental security system groups and anti-whaling countries, who say that the program is not for scientific research.The environmental problems link to Japans construction industry, and the industrys lobbying power preventing the introduction of stricter zoning laws and other environmental protection efforts.Japan has been treating the waste of electronic materials differently than other materials.The utilization of electronic waste resources is around 50% currently and is growingPorters Diamond strength sources of competitive advantageFirm Strategy and RivalryJapan is very competitive in electronic goods in fact Japans main export goods are cars, electronic devices and computers.Japan has a surplus in its export/import balance.It has developed a series of rockets, the latest and the most powerful of which is H-IIB. H-IIA/B rockets which have the capability of carrying 8-ton payloadJapan leads the world in robotics, possessing more than half (402,200 of 742,500) of the worlds industrial robots used for manufacturing.In 2008, Japan ranked third in the world in electricity production, after the United States and China, with 1.2510 GWh produced during that yearFactor ConditionsTourism count and Nationalities Tourism in Japan c omprises both a vibrant domestic sector and over eight million entries each year by foreigners.Only about 25% of the land area is suitable for agriculture .The remainder consists of woodwind instrument covered mountains.Japans economic successes depended on imported raw materials.Demand ConditionsThe supplicate is very stable which can be assumed by the fact of interest rates which are zero so that as a lot as possible money gets infused in the economy.The limited population is other factor which again makes Japan dependent on exports for its produce. The current crisis shows how gruesome and vulnerable Japans economy still is. When overseas demand subsided in 2008, Japans economy almost imploded.The third factor is off course the incentive for suppliers which is surely not there as currently the economy is in deflation. related to and supported industriesJapans Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) is planning to develop a system to support Japanese companies involv ed in overseas smart alliance business projects.Fuji Heavy Industries Japans largest transport to financial support for the automotive industrySummary containing key factsTradeInternational trade has been a force for economic development for centuries. The CDI measures trade barriers in rich countries against exports from maturation countries. Japan ranks 20Low agricultural subsidies (equivalent to a tariff worthy 3.2% of the value of imports rankInvestmentProvides insurance against political risk for both domestic and foreign firmsEmploys foreign tax credits to prevent double taxation of corporate profits earned abroadTechnology uplifted tax subsidy rate to businesses for RD (rank 10)No attempt to incorporate into bilateral free trade agreements TRIPSDefenceNo arms exports to poor and dictatorial governments (rank by share of GDP 1)MigrationLarge share of foreign students from growing countriesEnvironmentLow fishing subsidiesOTHER WEAKNESSESNegligent in identifying graft an d corrupt practices on the part of home country firms abroad towering barriers against apparel (9.0% of the value of imports rank 17)Greenhouse gas emissions grew almost as fast as GDP in 1998-2008 (average annual growth rate/GDP, -1.4% rank 17)Small financial or personnel contributions to internationally authorize peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions over last decade (rank by share of GDP 21)Refrenceshttp//www.cgdev.org/section/initiatives/_active/cdi/_country/japanhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Japanhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_JapanResearch paper juristic issues in Japan By Nagashima Ohno Tsunematsu

Vodafone India Evaluation and Entry Strategy

Vodaf wizard India Evaluation and Entry St cropgyThe Indian telecommunication industry is the worlds express growing telecommunications industry. The total come up of ratifiers was 225.21 Million with a teledensity of 19.86 %. It was pass judgment that the meandering(a) ratifier lay down go away grow to 500 Million by 2010 i.e. more than whizz b stake phone per household and 1.159 Billion unstable subscribers exceeding total subscriber count in China by 2013. The average addition of new subscribers per month was 7.34 Million and it was change magnitude. The annual harvest-feast rate (2006-2007) of the new mobile subscribers was 46.82%.The average revenue per user (ARPU) for GSM was US$ 6.6 per month. There were more number of mobile users than fixed line subscribers.The Indian telecom industry witnessed a CAGR of approximately 22 per cent from 2002-03 to 2006-07. The CAGR from 2006-07 to 2009-10 is expected to stabilise at 21 per cent. In addition, the telecom equipment grocery store had enceinte to US$ 17, one C Million and the handset foodstuff had gone up to US$ 4,750 Million.In 2006-2007, Indian telecom industry generated revenues of approximately US $ 20 Billion. The commercialise witnessed a CAGR of 22% in the period 2002-2003 to 2006-2007 with last geezerhood addition rate of 33%. The high growth rate resulted in doubling the revenues of the Indian telecom industry in the past 3 years. The industrys revenue is expected to grow up to $ 43 Billion by 2009-2010.The Indian telecom industry fuck be divided in the main into Basic, nomadic and Internet suffices.Basic inspection and repairs cover Fixed fit come on Line and Wireless in Local Loop (WLL-fixed) proceeds. This segment is henpecked by BSNL and MTNL. MTNL operates in Delhi and Mumbai, whereas BSNL die hards the rest of the solid ground. A few clannish service deliver the goodsrs desire Bharati and confidence w atomic number 18 done fountainhead lately in this segment nevertheless presidency owned BSNL and MTNL continue to dominate in wrong of number of subscribers. In 2006, the total number of basic service subscribers exceeded 50 gazillion. Fixed wire line users do up a large sh atomic number 18 of this, with a contribution of 83 per cent.Mobile workThe prime reason of the spectacular growth in the Indian telecom industry is the rise of Mobile helpings. The total number of mobile function subscribers has change magnitude to 185.13 Million with an addition of more than 6 Million subscribers e re all in ally month. India is one of the few countries where there are more number of subscribers than the number of fixed line users. GSM dominate this segment with a share of 73% whereas CDMA has a share on tho 27%.Currently there are 12 active players in this segment. All the service providers provide operate predominantly under ii categories Voice Service and encourage Added Services (VAS). Voice service comprise of only basic professio n services whereas Value Added Services comprise of SMS, mobile profits services, email, chatting, conferencing, image conferencing, GPRS services etcetera The revenues from Value Added Services are growing by 30-40% annually. This growth is laying foundations for the introduction of 3G services in India.All the service providers have constantly indulged in price wars which have led to a reduction in the ARPU constantly. yet, the reduction in ARPU has been backed by the change magnitude number of subscribers. The ARPU of GSM service in India has been much higher as compared to CDMA.In spite of a constant decline in ARPU and with the help of constant tariff reduction, the mobile usage in India has been emergence constantly. Currently, India stands at second position in the world after China in terms of Minutes of Usage (MoU). An early(a) inference of reduced tariffs, reduced ARPU and change magnitude number of subscribers is that the service providers is boffoly tapping the b ottom of the pyramid by increase affordability, which has a huge market potential.Internet ServicesIn 2002, the organisation of India opened internet telephony and issued licences in this domain. In 2004, the politics of India utilize the Broadband Policy which sent out signals of governments positive intent of increasing the penetration of internet in India.Currently, there are 2.25 Million internet connections in India. There are nearly 400 Internet Service providers which are operational in India currently. Though the penetration rate is depleted, but this segment holds a huge growth potential in India. establishment owned BSNL is the largest player in this segment.The total number of Internet subscribers increased at a CAGR of approximately 60 per cent from 1997-98 to 2006-07. An emergence of private players and superior technologies, internet wideband segments have shown impressive potential for growth. With the square undergoing improvement in telecom substructure, t he quality and penetration of internet wideband services have undergone significant improvements.Though the private ISPs are spotting up fast, the government owned ISPs BSNL and MTNL still hold nearly two third share of the total internet services market India. telecom Subscriber Base and Tele-densityDue to the phenomenal growth rate in the Indian telecom industry, India is likely to reach second position in the planetary telecommunications market by 2010. The total subscriber base in India is likely to reach 500 Million by 2010. The telecom subscriber base is augmenting phenomenally and the soaring industry revenues are a prepare proof of it. The additions in subscriber base in 2007 registered a growth of approximately 47 per cent over the previous year. The CAGR witnessed by the subscriber base for the period 2002-03 to 2006-07 stood at 40.4 per cent. The superbly increasingly subscriber base has too played its part in increasing the tele-density in the country.Currently, th e tele-density is India is funky as compared to other markets, which is an Indication of a huge untapped market and a huge stemma opportunity. In 2006-07, India had a tele-density of 18.31%, depicting a growth of 43%. From 2002-03 to 2006-07, the tele-density in India registered a CAGR at 40.4 per cent and 37.6%. telecom Service ProvidersThe Wireless Industry crossed 165.11 million-subscribers mark in 2007 comprising of 120.47 million GSM and 44.64 million CDMA subscribers registering an annual growth of 83.17%.Bharati leads the Indian telecom market with a total share of 22.49% fol ruggeded by BSNL, Reliance and Hutch. Despite stiff competition, Bharti has been successful in retaining its position of leadership.75% of the total GSM segment is occupied by the private players, Bharti and Hutch being the top two players. Reliance and Tata Teleservices dominate the CDMA segment with a combined market share of 91%.VodafoneVodafone conference is the worlds leading mobile telecommunica tions fraternity. It is a British multinationalmobile internet operatorheadquartered inNewbury, England. It has a significant armorial bearing in Europe, the diaphragm East, Africa, Asia Pacific and the United States. It currently has operations in 31 countries and follower networks in a further 40 countries. The guild has do its front man felt through the Companys world-wide strategies of subsidiary undertakings, joint feigns, associated undertakings and investitures.Based on subscribers, it is theworlds second largest mobile phone operatorbehindChina Mobileand overTelefnica. The anatomy Vodafone comes fromvoicedatafone, chosen by the companionship to reflect the provision of voice and data services over mobile phonesVodafone was formed in 1984 as a subsidiary of Racal Electronics Plc. Then cognize as Racal telecommunication Limited, approximately 20% of the companys capital was offered to the public in October 1988. It was fully demerged from Racal Electronics Plc an d became an independent company in September 1991, at which while it changed its name to Vodafone Group Plc.Following its merger with AirTouch Communications, Inc. (AirTouch), the company changed its name to Vodafone AirTouchPlc on 29 June 1999 and, following approval by the shareholders in General Meeting, reverted toits condition name, Vodafone Group Plc, on 28 July 2000.Country evaluationWe evaluate India from the sight of Vodafone during the period before its entry into India. We look at the conglomerate opportunities it could have foreseen in terms of sales revenue, ease of entry and operations and likewise look at some of the hurdles it could have predicted.Country opportunitiesWe come with an analysis of the opportunities it could have seen in a large country like India.Market sizeWith the second largest population in the world (Fig 1), the Indian market looked very promising. tho one hurdle it faced was low mobile penetration (Fig 2) and low tariff (Fig 3) which kept profit margins low. But the penetration was expected to increase over 40% in the succeeding(a) 5 years1(Fig 4).The population growth and the GDP growth both were in the positive indicating larger future potential( As shown below).Economic surroundSince 1991 when the Indian economy opened up, the gradual economic reforms have delivered study cumulative change. These have greatly been in favour of a outside(prenominal) party come toing and doing cable in India. The ease of operations has greatly increased. As the bureaucracy has been reduced and the state influence over clientele decision likewise reduced, it is easier for companies to apacely formulate and implement business policies. The government has been promoting competition and de-licensing key sectors giving great boost to positive market dynamics. Foreign investment is also being encouraged into many sectors of the economy. mingled capital market reforms have been undertaken and the foreign exchange rules have been r elaxed. boilers suit the economy growth rate increased, the balance of payments is stabilized and the economy overall looked very promising.Regulatory status TRAIThe regulatory institutions were very well positive among emerging market peers. The following is the mission of TRAI which is very encouraging for a foreign entrantTRAIs mission is to create and nurture conditions for the growth of telecommunications including transmit and cable services in the country in a musical elan and at a pace which will enable India to play a leading role in the emerging globose information society.The goals and objectives, as taken from its annual report 2006-07, clearly indicated the creation of a golden market for telecom operators. Following are some goals of TRIA particularly complimentary to a foreign mobile operator entering IndiaIncreasing tele-density and glide slope to telecommunications in the country at affordable prices,Providing a evenhandedly and perspicuous policy envir onment which promotes a level playing field and facilitates fair competitionRe-balancing tariffs so that the objectives of affordability and operator viability are met in a conformable mannerPreparing the grounds for smooth transition to an era of convergence of services and technologies,Various recent dynamic consultations were done on 3G licensing, roaming and infrastructure manduction. The government had clear targets for teledensity such as 500m telecoms connections by 2010 (implies significant unsophisticated coverage) 20m broadband subscribers by 2010The high levels of fees and taxes had been reduced to promote affordability and increase teledensity further increasing scope for higher revenue. The sharing of passive infrastructure (sites, towers) was permitted and encouraged by the government of India. TRAI was evaluating active network infrastructure sharing to underpin teledensity targets. different factorsIndia has a very well developed and written legal dodge in mark making the legal aspects easy to comprehend and whence easier for a foreign company to enter. With the IT boom in place, there was a large educated workforce available for a foreign company to exploit. Although language barriers existed, they could be overcome in a phased manner.Major CompetitorsWe can classify players in telecom industry in terzetto major categoryGovernment MTNL, BSNLIndian Owned companies Reliance Infocomm, Tata TeleservicesForeign Invested companies Escotel, appraisal Cellular, BPL Mobile, Spice Communication, Bharti Tele-Venture, Hutchinson-EssarBharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)BSNL is a one of the biggest player in telecommunication industry throughout the globe. It was established in year 2000. It stands 7th in the world in term of its size. It provides diverse range of tele-services which encompasses wired phone, GSM Mobile, CDMA, Internet, VoIP, broadband, VPN etc. It is one of the largest Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) in India. It has a dollar volu me of $ 8 billion. It covers 45 million lines covering 35 million connections across 5000 towns in India. It is a Government of India Undertaking. It plans to increase its guest base up to threefold to 125 million and invest Rs. 733 crores in coming three years.Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL)MTNL is a Government of India undertaking. It has some 13% market share and covers 5.92 million consumers. GoI holds 56.25% stake in the company. It has revenue about $ 2.47 Billion. lately it has formed a JV with Telecom Consultants India Limited (TCIL) under name of United Telecom Ltd in Nepal. It has also apparatus its subsidiary in Mauritius. It has also formed two joint ventures with Software Technology putting surface of India and BSNL. With estimation of growth in telecom sector it is try to enter M-commerce.BhartiIt was formed in 1985 and was incorporated with name of Bharti Tele-Venture Limited on July 7, 1995. It has in general two groups Mobility Group and Infotel Gro up which handles operation. It has overthrow of $ 1.37 billion. It provides fixed and radio receiver telecommunication services across India, also offering broadband services across 94 cities. It has formed a joint venture with British Telecom for Internet services, in 1998. It is trying to found join venture for motley sector like, submarine cable landing station in Chennai, infrastructure projects. It is ready to focus on semi-urban and country-bred areas and to do this is has aggressively to setup more than 3000 towers.Reliance CommunicationIt was established in 1999 and is available in more than 340 towns across eight telecom circle. It has been offering first of its diversity mobile data service in India. It is present in CDMA 1X network. It offers know package of services ranging from fixed telephones to broadband, long distance call and also data services. It has revenue of $ 767 million. It has very strong infrastructure of about one hundred fifty thousand kilometres o f optic fibre spanning India, Middle East, Asia Pacific as well as Europe. It is also a wholesale service provider for dissimilar tele-services across the world. It has a strategy to give more focus on mobile content provider rather than it voice services. It also plans to parallel its coverage area in next three years.Tata TeleservicesIt was established in 1996 and is a part of Tata Group. The range of tele-services it provides are mobile services, public booth, wireless desktop phones, wireline etc. It also has services spanning internet, Wi-Fi, USB modem, calling cards, and enterprise services. It has it presence in 19 telecom circles. It has also acquired Tele.com in Maharashtra in 2002. It has very aggressive and has paid DoT for 11 new licenses.IdeaIt was founded in 1995 as a part of Aditya Birla Group which is Indias first multinational corporation. venture of Idea are distributed among various sister companies of Aditya Birla Group. It has a sales turnover of Rs 24,005.50 million. It has a customer base of over 17 million which are present in 12 telecom circles. It has merged or acquired various players in the different circles to become a service provider. It plans to enter rural and less developed cities to gain subscriber form first operator advantage. It also plays a pro-active CSR roleMode of EntryThere are basically five major different modes of entry for a company to enter a foreign market. They areExportingLicensingFranchisingStrategic alinement or articulation VentureWholly owned subsidiary pickax of entry for a company depends and varies from company to company and also on county of investment. We can see from the figure insecurity associated with various modes of entries. We can also compare various pro and cons of different entry modes in the table. take of ControlHigh starting cartridge clipLowHighLevel of dangerModeDescriptionAdvantagesDisadvantagesExportingTransfer of goods orservices acrossnational boundariesAbility to realize l ocation and experience-curve economiesAvoids the terms of establishing manufacturing operationsLow riskHigh transport costsUnpredictability oftrade barriersProblems with topical anesthetic trade agentsLicensingForeign licenseebuys the rights toproduce a companys crossway inthe licenseescountryLow developmental cost fond growth possible operose to have controlover technologyFranchisingSelling of limited rights to its injury name andbusiness modelLow costs of development and riskQuick growth possibleDifficult to engage in global strategicalcoordinationDifficult to control qualityStrategicalliance/JointVentureSharing of ownership and control byparent companies devil to partners experienceShared development cost and riskTransfer of complementary color skillsDifficult to engage in global strategicRisk of knowledge sharingWhollyownedsubsidiaryParent companyowns 100% ofthe subsidiarysstockProtection of technologyAbility to engage inglobal strategic coordinationHigh costs andrisksMode of EntryAcquisition of Hutchison EssarIn February 2007, Vodafone Group, one of the leading global telecommunication companies entered into Indian market by acquiring the 67% stakes in Hutchison Essar, one of the leading telecom operators in India, which provided its services under the brand name, Hutch. When Vodafone acquired Hutch the later had already earned a huge brand success in Indian mobile communication sector.Rational Behind the AcquisitionBelow sections will describe about the rational of why Vodafone chose acquisition as its mode of entry in India rather than going alone or other mode of entries.Leveraged up-on existing infrastructure built by Hutch angiotensin-converting enzyme of the objectives of Vodafone was to bring the product and services at the lowest possible cost for the Indian consumers. Existing infrastructure such as, towers, power supply, distribution bring etc. could help Vodafone to reduce its operating costs and investment requirements. later on five years of acquisition Vodafone was able to save more than one billion dollar by leveraging upon the ready-made and shared infrastructure.Quick entry to the new market- Acquisition also helped Vodafone to make a quick entry to the Indian market. Other mode of entry could have been time consuming or at least could take years to realize the communications channels and network if Vodafone decided to enter by own. to a fault taking the approval/license from the government could have been the time consuming.Minimizing the risk due to cultural differences- Since Hutch was already operating in Indian market before the Vodafone came it had a good understanding of consumers behavior towards selecting a product or services. Also Indian consumers are diversified in term of product choices, likes and dislikes, social and cultural influences, so managing the risk arises out of this divers consumers could have been difficult if Vodafone entered alone.Growth opportunity India is the worlds 2nd m ost(prenominal) populated country and the fastest growing mobile market in the world. So entering to India could help Vodafone to accelerate its business growth create a Strong Brand Acquisition would result in forming a strong brand name Vodafone Essar in India, enabling them to make comprehensive presence with strong financial position.Better competition to competitors One remarkable point regarding the Indian telecom market is that, this sector is highly private-enterprise(a) as there are many strong players, like Airtel, Reliance and BSNL operating in the market. So, it could have been difficult for Vodafone to counter the threat represent by those competitors. However, Vodafone along with Hutch could give them better competition. This further computer backup the Vodafones strategy to acquire Hutch.Win- Win situation for both Vodafone and Hutch-Vodafone-Hutch acquisition was an strategic movement for both the companies. Although Hutch had done well in the Indian market, i ts penetration of total Indian population was only 40%. So, in locate to expand its business to other parts of the country, Hutch necessitate money for investment. At the same time Vodafone was ready to make the investment in India market. So, Hutch decided to sell its 67% stake to Vodafone to pucker its financial needs.Other motive toward acquisitions was that through the acquisition, Hutch would get the global platform for its business as Vodafone was an international player in telecommunication. agree to Vodafone Essar director as saying that the objective is to leverage Vodafone Groups global outperform in bringing millions of low-cost handsets from across-the-world into India.Sound economic environment later the economic reform Indian foreign policy has been very amiable to the foreign companies who want to come to Indian market. There is relaxation in taxation and foreign exchange rules. Also there is least incumbrance by the bureaucracy in the management of the forei gn companies in India. value Purposes The corporate effective tax rate in India is 33.22% for a topical anesthetic company and 42.23 % for a foreign company. However joint venture companies are taxed same as domestic companies with some minor differences. According to Indian FDI policy,Foreign companies are free to open branch offices in India. However, a branch of a foreign company attracts a higher rate of tax than a subsidiary or a joint venture company. The liability of the parent company is also greater in model of a branch office.ImplementationAfter the acquisition, Vodafone brought many improvements to the existing business model of Hutch. It also made a huge investment to expand its network and distribution channels. The story doesnt stop here it also made a substantial spending in the branding and advertisement. Its zoo-zoo ad was one of the most successful ads ever made for Indian market. Due to its attention-getting design and features, the ad contributed a lot in bran ding the Vodafone products- peculiarly value added products and services. Over all Vodafone adoptive an aggressive strategy towards expanding its business in Indian market.Below is the elaborated view of the Implementation strategies adopted by Vodafone IndiaRe-brandingBefore acquisition, Company was named as Hutchison Essar, which was the name of the previous owner, Hutchison. However brand was marketed as Hutch, just because its simple to rememberAfter the government approval to Vodafone Group to acquire majority of stake, the company name was changed to Vodafone Essar. The marketing brand was again changed to Vodafone on September, 2007Escalating the Distribution ChannelsInvestment to increase the number of sole(a) showrooms and sell outlets -Hutch management was such that it relied on no subsidy (Only SIM) and low cost strategy. Vodafone continued with the same strategy. However it made a huge investment to increase the current level of exclusive shops and retail outlets. The n there were around 1800 exclusive shops and more than 300,000 retail outlets across India.Accelerate distribution roll-out in-line the network roll-out plans Vodafone took a holistic undertake for improving its supply-chain network. Vodafone had correctly realized the escalation of the channels for of product delivery is as of the essence(p) as developing its network channels.Escalating the Network CoverageMOU with BharatiAirtel on extensive level of sites sAdding up more mobile circles India is divided into 23 license territories, also called Circles for the purpose of mobile services. Out of 23 circles, Hutch was operating into only 16 circles, which covers only 40% of the Indian total population. After the acquisition Vodafone expanded it coverage and now captures all 23 circles in India.Sharing of active infrastructure- MOU with AirtelIn order to give its long term strategy to become the cheapest mobile operator in India, Vodafone actively shared its infrastructures with o ther telecommunication operators in India Currently about 2/3 of Vodafone sites are shared with other mobile operators.haring including, sharing of towers, shelters, civil works and power supplyEasily penetration to rural segmentsAchieved low cost servicesSignificant capital expenditure and operating expenses savings for the Vodafone-more than one billion dollarsavings was achieved due to infrastructure sharing evolution consumer and business propositionsMore consumer focused strategy One of the most important drivers who contributed towards the success of Vodafone in India is that its more consumers centric. It offers a blend of product and services that suits to souls needs. Consumers can choose the kind of products that they think best cater to their individual needs. Following are the major steps taken in order to make Vodafone the most preferred mobile service providerIntroduced low cost handsetsBrought Vodafone live to IndiaPayments through MobileA range of product schemes t argeted towards the customers with different needsFirst mover advantage to become the only operator in India integrated into an world-wide mobile companyInternational voice and data roamingStrong brand presence improved the credibility of the company and hence made the consumers to become more dependent on the VodafoneStrong Management team Vodafone took the control of management from Hutch. It formed a hierarchy of management team to ensure that the business objective is achieved at each and every level of the businessStrong and efficient customer care services Emphasized on providing 247 customers care services high-octane customer feed-back mechanism- It also brought a customer feedback mechanism at place

Cover Letter Essay example -- essays research papers

RSC COVER LETTER TEMPLATE most Points to Consider &61607 Put your name and contact info at the top of the earn. Make sure your name is in a side large enough to easily pick out.&61607 Whenever possible, address the earn to a specific person by name and title. Even if responding to a job ad that states "no phone calls", consider calling to courteously ask the name of the hiring authority. Unfortunately, you may not always be commensurate to identify the name of a specific person. In which case, send the letter to the title of the recipient (i.e. Human Resources Manager, Recruiter, Marketing Manager, Accounts Payable Supervisor, Office Manager, etc). Do not use "To whom it may concern." &61607 State your interest in the job for which you are applying and the company. Be particular about why you truly like this slip and company and not some other position and company.&61607 Mention your skills, education, special training, and work experience that qual ify you for the job. canvas to think from the employers point of view - what skills and experience are they expression for in the ideal candidate for the job you want? (If you are replying to a specific job ad, this may be listed there) Stress these skills.&61607 rear a contact info (phone number, email) that you can be contacted easily or else somewhere where they can leave a message that check regularly (if need be give the best time the employer can occur you at). &am...

Air Pollution :: Papers

Air befoulment occurs when wastes dirty the air. People find most of the wastes that cause air pollution. such(prenominal) wastes stand be in the form of gases or particles of hearty or liquid substance. These substances result chiefly from cut downing fuel to power repel vehicles. Industrial processes and the combustion of garbage also contribute to air pollution. infixed pollutants include dust, soil particles and naturally occurring gases. The rapid growth of population and application and the increased use of automobiles and airplanes, have made air pollution a serious problem. the air we breathe has become so filled with pollutants that it can cause health problems. Polluted air also harms plants, animals, building materials and fabrics. In addition, it causes damage by altering the earths atmosphere. Chief sources of air pollution Forms of transportation,such as automobiles, airplanes, ships and trains are the leading source of air po llution of the industrial nations. The study pollutants produced by these sources are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons(compounds of carbon and hydrogen), and atomic number 7 oxides(compounds of nitrogen and oxygen). Nitrogen oxides can react in the presence of sunlight to produce a form of oxygen called ozone(O3). Ozone is the chief component of photo-chemical smog, which is a ordinary form of air pollution. Fuel combustion used for heating or cooling in factories contributes significantly to air pollution. Electric power plants that burn coal or oil also release pollutants into the atmosphere. The major pollutants from these sources are nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides(compounds of sulphur and oxygen), and carbon dioxide. Industrial processes produce a wide range of pollutants. Oil refineries discharge ammonia, hydrocarbons,organic acids and sulfur oxides. Metal smelting plants cast off large amounts of sulfur oxides and particles c ontaining lead and other metals. Plants that produce elastic foam are a major source of chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs),compounds of chlorine,fluorine and carbon. Burning of solid wastes often creates a very visible form of air pollution-thick,black smoke. The burning of garbage, leaves and other

Achieving the American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Es

Achieving the American fancy in remainder of a Sales man by Arthur MillerWilly Loman is a man on a mission. His purpose in life is to accomplish a false sense of the American romance, that is this what Willy Loman rightfully wants? In Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller analyzes the American breathing in by portraying to us a few days in the life of a serve up salesman named Willy Loman. The American Dream is a definite goal of some(prenominal) people, meaning something different to everyone. Willys version is different from most people though his is based more on being sound-liked and achieving monetary victores kinda than achieving something that exit make him sharp. Willy neer becomes get of the American Dream because he neer follows his true dreams and aspirations. He chooses a career that will make him money, only non much, rather than a career that he will enjoy. This is the big mistake that Willy makes in his life and in the end he never overcomes it. Willy never becomes part of the American Dream because he tries to become undefeated and wealthy rather than spending his life doing something that would bring him and his family joy. The American Dream is a term used to summarize the basic ideals held by the American public. Death of a Salesman focuses on this dream and analyses the dreams significance in the American social order. The basic principal behind the American Dream is the intuitive feeling that if people pay an aspiration and they work for it they will achieve their dreams. Furthermore, what lies at the heart of the American Dream is the desire to achieve wealth and index number based on ones looks and appearance rather than the value and quality of their work. The American Dream is supposedly what everyone wants to end up with a family, a house, a car and a well paying job. The problem is that not everyone wants these things. slew all over the world desire to immigrate to America because they have heard of this America n Dream and they want to be a part of a country that makes it seem so easy to make a fortune. The problem with this dream is the theory at the basis of it the fact that success is not assured, but if people work for their dreams they will eventually achieve them. People can work their entire lives thinking that they are change to humanity when in fact they are not. They believe that as farseeing as they put something into civilization, at the end ... ...e something better. This is evident when Linda tells Willy be happy right here, right now. Why must everybody conquer the world? Youre well liked, and the boys love you (Movie). Willy never listens to his heart and because of this, he follows the wrong dream. Willy was never really a part of the American Dream. In the end, we see Willys foolishness for kill himself. Willy has too much pride to take a job from Charley and would rather end his own life than work under his friend for money. Willy thinks he is helping everyone by giv ing them his life insurance money but everyone would rather have him still alive than the money. Striving for his dream of meet well liked and successful leaves Willy with nothing that will make him happy. In the end, Willys dream ends up being for Biff to achieve everything that he himself could not achieve. Willys plan backfires though when Biff chooses the opposite of what Willy wants and leaves the city to try to go steady out what will make him happy. In the end, Willys obsession with the American Dream is his undoing. Willy never really becomes part of the American Dream because he never understands what he needs to make himself happy.

Law and Ethics in Nursing :: Nursing Ethics Research Paper

In every nurses career, he or she will represent with legal and honourable dilemmas. One of the professional competencies for nursing states that nurses should integrate intimacy of ethical and legal aspects of health care and professional values into nursing practice. It is important to know what types of dilemmas nurses whitethorn faceduring their careers and how they have been successfully dealt with in the past. Itis also important for nurses to understand what malpractice is and how theywhitethorn protect themselves from a malpractice lawsuit.LAW VS. ETHICS It is important to source understand the difference amid law and ethics. Ethics examines the values and exertions of people. Often times there is no one right course of action when one is faced with an ethical dilemma. On the other hand, lawsare binding rules of conduct. When laws are broken, it is punishable by anauthority figure. There are four types of situations that pertain to law vs. ethics. The fir st would be an action that is both legal and ethical. An example of this would be a nurse carrying out appropriate doctors orders as ordered. A nurse may also be faced with an action that may be ethical solely not legal, such as allowing a cancer longanimous to smoke marijuana for medicinal purposes. The opposite may arise where an action may be legal but not ethical. Finally, an action may be neither legal or ethical. For example, when a nurse makes a medication error and does not report it.ETHICAL DUTIES Nurseshave many a(prenominal) ethical duties to their clients. The main ethical duties are nonmaleficence, good-will, fidelity, veracity, and justice. The duty of nonmaleficenceis the duty to do no hurt. The nurse first needs to ask him or herself whatharm is. When a nurse gives an injection she is causing the patient pain butshe is also preventing additional harm such as disease knowledge or prolongedpain. Therefore, the nurse must ask herself a back up question abou t how muchharm should be tolerated. The duty of beneficence is to do good. In a sense,it is at the opposite end of nonmaleficence or at the positive end of the nonmaleficence beneficence continuum. The duty of fidelity federal agency to be faithful, or tokeep to your promises. Therefore, if a nurse tells his patient that he will

The Significance of the Host/Guest Relationship in The Odyssey Essay

The Odyssey is an epic poem attributed to the now-famous Grecian poet, Homer, written approximately in the early sixth century B.C.E. The poem shares the tale of the wily adventuring solider, Odysseus, pass on from the Trojan war to his wife and home in Ithaca. The poem enlarge his misadventures, the efforts of his son, Telemachus, to find him, and revenge on his wifes suitors. While many themes run through with(predicate) this poem, the most prevalent is that of hospitality. The Host-Guest family relationship is significant in the Odyssey as it acts as one of the master(prenominal) thematic devices used by Homer and examples of upright hospitality versus bad hospitality and their results serve as the main biz elements throughout the tale.The Host/Guest relationship, also known as the Guest-Friendship relationship was a complex relationship based on a serial of ambiguous hospitality laws. Guest-friend...is the English rendition of the Greek xenos ...The same Greek word meant stranger, foreigner, and sometimes host, a confusion symbolic of the ambivalence which characterized each(prenominal) dealings with the stranger in the archaic world. The system itself involved a few rituals. The host was not to ask the identity of the guest until afterward they have eaten, bathed, rested and/or received gifts of monetary treasure. The gifts varied depending on the seeming status of the guest. Lower class guests received only food, epoch higher classes received anything from jewels, to weapons to livestock. The Host/Guest relationship is one of the main virtues of the Homeric Greeks. It served as the alternative to marriage in forging bonds amid rulers and there could have been no more dramatic test of its value in holding the network of relationships together than just such a cr... ... of either guest, nor host, the system of hospitality served as stability and protection in a time of suspicion and danger.BibliographyBeer, Josh, PhD. remonstrate Epic, Carleton University Classics 2009, September 24th 2003.Beer, Josh, PhD. Lecture The Odyssey, Carleton University Classics 2009, October 29th 2003.Beer, Josh, PhD. Lecture The Odyssey, Carleton University Classics 2009, November 5th 2003.Finley, M. I. The World of Odysseus. Revised. Middlesex Penguin Books Ltd., 1967.Homer. The Odyssey. Walter Shewring, translator. New York Oxford University Press, 1980.Lang, Andrew. The World of Homer. capital of the United Kingdom Longmans, Green, and Co., 1910.Seymour, Thomas Day. Life in the Homeric Age. New York Biblo and Tannen, 1963.Stagakis, George. Studies in the Homeric Society Wiesbaden Franz Steiner Verlag GMBH., 1975.