Key Words in Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Key Words in Marketing - Essay Example This gave rise to the era of transactional marketing, where the relationship enjoyed was purely based on delivering products and receiving payment. Nevertheless, in the modern times, numerous reasons have reignited the need for companies to form a closer relationship with its customers. Hence, this relationship has received the formal name of Customer Relationship Management and has undergone scientific analysis and modernisation. This paper understands the concept of CRM, its place in the field of marketing, reasons for its emergence, its constituent components and contemporary usage. Definition of CRM CRM can be defined in various ways. As per Das Gupta (2005), it is a framework of a company that helps it achieve a consumer-oriented business process and high customer loyalty. It is a tool that helps integrate various data collected about consumers, business transactions, performances of various marketing efforts, consumer reception of products or services and new developments in ta rget market. Feinberg and Kadam (2002) defined CRM as an approach of a company concerning its commerce and marketing efforts that amalgamates business method, technology and all other actions, keeping the consumer at the centre. Parvatiyar and Sheth (2001) noted that CRM is an inclusive scheme that involves obtaining, maintaining and collaborating with consumers to generate a high degree of value. While in practice they were different approaches, at least in theory, CRM holds the same meaning as relationship marketing and the two are often used as substitutes of one another (Parvatiyar and Sheth, 2002). These two expressions have been applied to various ideas and contexts, that either present a constricted practical viewpoint of marketing or an expanded viewpoint encompassing a company’s orientation (Nevin, 1995). The constricted viewpoint of CRM is the effort of marketing by use of databases of current and potential consumers, highlighting the promotion-related characteristi cs concurrent with data recording. Yet another viewpoint, given by Vavra (1992) is that CRM is the sum total result of a company’s quest for retaining consumers through various post-marketing strategies that enable the company to foster a favourable relationship with the consumers, even after sales transactions are made. Thus, to sum up all efforts by different scholars, CRM can be defined as a company’s framework to create long-term relationships with current and potential consumers through the effective coordination of its marketing, post-marketing, sales and after-sales service efforts. CRM’s place in Marketing CRM is a diverse concept and encompasses all aspects of marketing. It is a tool used to create a personal one-to-one relationship with each consumer, as opposed to a restrictive company-customer relation. This helps in getting higher business out of consumers by locating high-value consumers, understanding their needs better and offering them an unprec edented quality of personalised service. The process not only rewards with high degree of customer satisfaction and loyalty, but also greater profits. CRM is also used to manage financial risks and make sales transactions a pleasurable experience for both the company and its consumers. For example, people who enjoy great relationships with their salesmen are more likely to provide contacts that can easily be converted into active consumers. Besides providing leads, such people are also likely to continue giving business to the company over a longer

The big 5 personality traits Essay Example for Free

The big 5 personality traits Essay Introduction: 1. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the ‘Big Five’ personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness) and career success (Seibert Kraimer,2001). A questionnaire was sent by post to 2781 graduates of business and engineering. 496 alumni took part in the survey (318 males and 178 females). The conclusions were that agreeableness is not well related to career success; there is no relationship between the other four factors and career success. High people orientated jobs showed a poor relationship between agreeableness and salary. Low people orientated jobs shows no relationship between agreeableness and salary. METHOD: 2. Career success can be defined as the positive psychological and work related outcomes as a final result of work completed by each individual. Construct definition is the overall basic idea which is being examined; career success. Operational definition describes what the variables are and how each is measured. The variables are extrinsic and intrinsic career success. Greenhaus et al. measured intrinsic career success with a five-item career satisfaction scale. Each participant was asked to show their levels of satisfaction with their careers, 1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest. Two self-reports were used to measure extrinsic career success. Each participant was asked to show the number of promotions they had gotten throughout their career. They also had to show their annual salary level. Altogether the variables included log salary, promotions, career satisfaction, work experience, MBA degree, metropolitan area, number of employees, gender and occupation type. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) RESULTS: 3. Central Tendency-The way in which quantitative data clusters around a midpoint. Dispersion- How far your scores are from your measure of central tendency. Mean is a measure of central tendency  Standard Deviation(S.D) is a measure of dispersion.  Sex: a categorical form of data (male/female). This is badly represented as the standard deviation is above the mean (if S.D is higher than the mean, a minus is applicable). For gender you can’t measure central tendency but you  can measure dispersion. Personally, I think that gender doesn’t belong in the table. Promotions: Are badly represented as the S.D is very high. I think that using the mode instead of S.D would resolve this issue. Career satisfaction: is represented good. Both the mean and S.D appear to work well. Career satisfaction was measured using Greenhaus et el.(1990) scale of career satisfaction. I don’t think any changes need to be made. Agreeableness: is represented good. However I think the definition for agreeableness leaves a lot to be desired for. In saying that, both the mean and the S.D appear to work well. My suggestion would be to leave it but maybe reconsider the definition. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) DISCUSSION: 4. (A)In my opinion, I don’t agree with the definition of agreeableness in this context. ’Agreeableness is ones interpersonal orientation, ranging from soft-hearted, good-natured, trusting and gullible at one extreme to cynical, rude, suspicious, and manipulative at the other’ I don’t agree with this as only alumni from business and engineering were surveyed. Other people orientated jobs such as teachers, nurses etc. were not included. Therefore it cannot be generalised. In my opinion, I think that people high on agreeableness (in this case) have lower extrinsic career success. Whereas they may be happy in their jobs they may not get promotions. (B)Yes, I do think that agreeableness causes lower salaries for individuals working in high people orientated jobs. People who are more agreeable are more likely to fill out surveys. They are more likely to do more work for less money; therefore promotions would not come into account as employers may take advantage of these workers. (C)The sample attrition is the dropout rate which occurred. The surveys were mailed to 2781 homes of business and engineer graduates. Each individual had graduated 3-39 years prior to the survey.773 were returned (28% response rate). 668 had fully completed the survey. Out of that 668, 49 were unemployed, 33 worked part time and 96 were self-employed. The final number of participants was 496. If the sample attrition was included this could have influenced the data as the sample size would be larger and more random. Self-employed people may have different levels of personality traits, e.g. higher extraversion as they  have leadership skills. Unemployed people may be high in agreeableness as they may lack confidence. I think that would have a great effect on the overall data. (D)Two variables could be combined within one individual e.g. agreeableness and extraversion. The individual may not get a promotion due to the level of agreeableness they obtain; however with the high levels of assertiveness and sociability in an extraversion they could also get promoted. Other variables included: log salary, promotions, career satisfaction, work experience, MBA degree, metropolitan area, number of employees, gender, occupational type and the big five personality traits. By only surveying business and engineer graduates it made the study easier for themselves as there are less levels in these jobs than in other occupations such nurses or doctors. The Big 5 personality traits definitions: Neuroticism: indicates adjustment versus emotional stability. Individuals who score high on neuroticism are characterized by high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness. Extraversion: High levels of extraversion indicate sociability, warmth, assertiveness, and activity, whereas individuals low on extraversion may be described as reserved, sober, aloof, task-oriented, and introverted. Openness: is defined in terms of curiosity and the tendency for seeking and appreciating new experiences and novel ideas. Individuals who score low on openness are characterized as conventional, unartistic, and narrow in interests. Agreeableness: Agreeableness is one’s interpersonal orientation, ranging from soft-hearted, good-natured, trusting, and gullible at one extreme to cynical, rude, suspicious, and manipulative at the other. Conscientiousness: indicates the individual’s degree of organization, persistence, and motivation in goal-directed behaviour. Achievement-orientation and dependability or conformity have been found to be primary facets of conscientiousness (Seibert Kraimer,2001) High people orientated occupation is where the individual is a sociable, people person, with good interpersonal skills. People with a high people orientated occupation must be able to do the following: speak, persuade, serve, supervise, instruct, mentor and negotiate with others. Some jobs include sales, division managers, executive managers and human resource  managers, where interaction with other people is frequent. Low people orientated occupations include the opposite of high people orientated occupations. People with low people orientated jobs would work as a financial or market analyst, a MIS specialist, or an IT department where little involvement with people occurs. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) CONCLUSION: 5. I think that there is enough evidence to support that the big 5 personality traits are related to career success. The results were as follows: The full set of personality variables was not related significantly to promotions but extraversion was correlated significantly with promotions. Intrinsic and extrinsic outcomes have been considered as related but to distinct aspects of career success. Extrinsic career success was associated with extraversion and, with less consistency, openness to experience and agreeableness. Individuals who were higher on extraversion received greater salaries and more promotions than did those lower on extraversion. Individuals who were less open to experience and less agreeable received greater salaries compared to their more open or agreeable peers. Intrinsic career success was associated with extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness. Individuals who were more extroverted, less neurotic or less agreeable experienced higher levels of career satisfaction than their less extroverted, more neurotic, or more agreeable peers. Moderated regression analysis involving extraversion and agreeableness was unable to find any major effects against intrinsic career success, suggesting that these effects are consistent across occupations requiring different levels of interpersonal interaction. Extraversion was related most consistently to career success, exhibiting positive relationships with salary, promotions, and career satisfaction. Extraversion plays in managerial advancement of persons in people-oriented and non-people oriented occupations. Negative relationship of neuroticism to career satisfaction implies that individuals high on neuroticism evaluate their careers more negatively. Negative relationship of agreeableness with extrinsic career success was provided. Although agreeableness was not related to promotions, it was related negatively to salary for individuals in people-oriented occupations. Agreeableness appears to be a liability in jobs that require  more people skills, and perhaps more â€Å"political† skills. Agreeableness also was related negatively to career satisfaction. There was no support for the hypotheses that neuroticism and conscientiousness are related to the two measures of extrinsic career success, salary, and promotions. Findings suggested that individuals who were more open received lower salaries. Since these results were not hypothesized, confirmation of these relationships in future research is required. The results of the control variables examined in this study generally are consistent with previous career research. Strengths: The results found were accurate. The results found were similar to previous studies. They were able to prove some of their hypostasis. Gives opportunities for future research. Weaknesses: Fault with gender and promotions: mean and standard deviation. I personally don’t agree with some of the definitions. Only business and engineering graduates were surveyed. The sample was small. Self-report, people may not be 100% honest. Most alumni were from Caucasian background. (Seibert Kraimer, 2001) BIBLOGRAPHY Scott E. Seibert and Maria L. Kraimer Department of Management Labour Relations, Cleveland State University.

Saint Thomas Aquinas Five Proofs for the Existence of God Essay

Saint Thomas Aquinas' Five Proofs for the Existence of God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientific reasoning has brought humanity to incredibly high levels of sophistication in all realms of knowledge. For Saint Thomas Aquinas, his passion involved the scientific reasoning of God. The existence, simplicity and will of God are simply a few topics which Aquinas explores in the Summa Theologica. Through arguments entailing these particular topics, Aquinas forms an argument that God has the ability of knowing and willing this particular world of contingent beings. The contrasting nature of necessary beings and contingent beings is at the heart of this debate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquinas sets up this argument in his discussion of whether or not God exists. His five proofs set up the framework for much of his later writings in the Summa Theologica. As with the five proofs in their entirety, most of Aquinas’ reasoning stems from the third proof concerning the existence of God. The first two proofs lead to the third’s conclusion that God is "esse a se", or to be of itself. From this conclusion of God as an infinite being, Aquinas moves to the third question, concerning the simplicity of God. In article four of question three, Aquinas determines that God is ultimately simple in that his essence does not differ from his being. He writes, "Therefore, since in God there is no potentiality, it follows that in Him essence does not differ from being. Therefore, His essence is His being." God is an unchanging, infinite being. There is no conceivable way in which he could have parts, such as a separate being and a separate essence. From these proofs and others, Aquinas determines that God is an all knowing, perfectly good, perfectly powerful being. Moving back to the third proof of the existence of God, Aquinas determines that God is the ultimate being and that his existence precludes the existence of contingent beings. The notion entails the idea that without infinity, finite beings would not exist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquinas also addresses the issue of the simplicity of God. From a series of logical steps, he concludes that God is altogether simple. He says, God is "neither a composition of quantitative parts, since He is not a body; nor composition of form and matter; nor does his nature differ from his suppositum." It only makes logical sense that God, not existing in any physical sense, could not have physica... ...sary and contingent beings. Evil is not a consequence of the will of God rather it is a lack of good. Aquinas also says that evil in the world is unavoidable. In Question 2, article 3, Aquinas says that God allows evil in order to produce good out of the existence of evil. The existence of evil in the world is indirect. Also, it would seem that God, being all powerful, could eliminate evil in the world but this has not happened. Aquinas reasons this out by discussing the two types of evil, natural and moral. For example, a person dying is often the result of natural events in the community and this person’s death opens up resources for others who are still alive. The sense of competition in this world adds a sense of necessity to death. There cannot be life without death. This is a similar situation to evil, in that good cannot exist without evil. Natural rules and laws are put into place to make this world, one in which God willed a sense of morals, exist, so natural evil and suffering must exist. With free will, there must be choice. Therefore, evil must exist because human beings make the wrong choices. We are not perfectly good. Things like temptation are part of who we are. Saint Thomas Aquinas' Five Proofs for the Existence of God Essay Saint Thomas Aquinas' Five Proofs for the Existence of God   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scientific reasoning has brought humanity to incredibly high levels of sophistication in all realms of knowledge. For Saint Thomas Aquinas, his passion involved the scientific reasoning of God. The existence, simplicity and will of God are simply a few topics which Aquinas explores in the Summa Theologica. Through arguments entailing these particular topics, Aquinas forms an argument that God has the ability of knowing and willing this particular world of contingent beings. The contrasting nature of necessary beings and contingent beings is at the heart of this debate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquinas sets up this argument in his discussion of whether or not God exists. His five proofs set up the framework for much of his later writings in the Summa Theologica. As with the five proofs in their entirety, most of Aquinas’ reasoning stems from the third proof concerning the existence of God. The first two proofs lead to the third’s conclusion that God is "esse a se", or to be of itself. From this conclusion of God as an infinite being, Aquinas moves to the third question, concerning the simplicity of God. In article four of question three, Aquinas determines that God is ultimately simple in that his essence does not differ from his being. He writes, "Therefore, since in God there is no potentiality, it follows that in Him essence does not differ from being. Therefore, His essence is His being." God is an unchanging, infinite being. There is no conceivable way in which he could have parts, such as a separate being and a separate essence. From these proofs and others, Aquinas determines that God is an all knowing, perfectly good, perfectly powerful being. Moving back to the third proof of the existence of God, Aquinas determines that God is the ultimate being and that his existence precludes the existence of contingent beings. The notion entails the idea that without infinity, finite beings would not exist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquinas also addresses the issue of the simplicity of God. From a series of logical steps, he concludes that God is altogether simple. He says, God is "neither a composition of quantitative parts, since He is not a body; nor composition of form and matter; nor does his nature differ from his suppositum." It only makes logical sense that God, not existing in any physical sense, could not have physica... ...sary and contingent beings. Evil is not a consequence of the will of God rather it is a lack of good. Aquinas also says that evil in the world is unavoidable. In Question 2, article 3, Aquinas says that God allows evil in order to produce good out of the existence of evil. The existence of evil in the world is indirect. Also, it would seem that God, being all powerful, could eliminate evil in the world but this has not happened. Aquinas reasons this out by discussing the two types of evil, natural and moral. For example, a person dying is often the result of natural events in the community and this person’s death opens up resources for others who are still alive. The sense of competition in this world adds a sense of necessity to death. There cannot be life without death. This is a similar situation to evil, in that good cannot exist without evil. Natural rules and laws are put into place to make this world, one in which God willed a sense of morals, exist, so natural evil and suffering must exist. With free will, there must be choice. Therefore, evil must exist because human beings make the wrong choices. We are not perfectly good. Things like temptation are part of who we are.

Negative effects of homeschooling Essay

An average day in the life of a 10 year old consists of waking up, eating breakfast, and going to school followed by coming home to their loving families at the end of the day. Would this routine seem complete without going to school involved? In some cases children are not sent to a public school, but taught at home by one of their parents or both. Without being sent to mingle with peers, the child most defiantly misses out on important skills and lessons one can only learn while interacting with other people their age. Crucial life lessons, social skills, and specific aspects of education can be missed out on as a home schooled child. An important aspect to remember if considering home schooling as an option is that the most successful parents who home school are school teachers and not stay at home moms. Even in this situation there is no way that a one person teaching system could even begin to compare to the wisdom, intelligence and experience one can get in a high school setting. Without the variety of influences from teachers there are a few gaps left in a child’s education. With only one influence, they will not have a broad view of the world due to the fact that anything they’ve ever learned of heard an opinion of is from one person. Isn’t education all about learning about all sorts of the view points out there in the real world? In most cases parents may home school their child in order to protect them from the horrible world of peer pressure and bad influences. Although a parent with a child nearing the schooling age would probably think this is a wonderful idea. They most likely do not realize that this is thinking short-term and not considering the long-term negative effects missing out on these experiences may be to a child. In a classroom children learn to follow orders from one who is in charge; sitting quietly and doing what their told is very important in ones life. Out on the playground they learn how to socialize with others their age and begin building sturdy friendships with others who share the same interests. The idea of staying at home learning by themselves is obviously not providing a child with any kind of social situation once so ever. Naturally not all school experiences are fun. It is a giving that in a public school there will be taunting and other unfortunate behavior from other kids. Learning on their own how to deal with  these experiences is extremely important in the grown up world. Without knowing how to cope with emotions and never experiencing the real world it could be extremely difficult learning how to handle other people. Going to college and getting a job would be made more difficult then it has to be. Among all the choices one can make for their kids, why would a parent chose to deprive them of important life skills and a quality education? The idea of â€Å"going to school† is a relevant building block in any person’s life. Not being at school learning with peers is missing out on very important aspects of childhood. Getting familiar with the ideas of how the world works is necessary to having a successful life. Schools are like a little community for children where they grow, learn and adapt to the many challenges life may put ahead of them.

Employee Relations †Trade Unions Essay

In the early days of capitalism employers, in their struggle for maximum profits, were able to act with almost complete ruthlessness in their treatment of workers. They could take advantage of every rise of unemployment or inflow of immigrant workers to reduce wages to a bare minimum, using the lock-out if necessary to starve workers into submission. They imposed excessive hours of labor and ordered temporary extensions of normal hours without giving overtime pay. They employed workers in overcrowded and unsanitary factories and workshops, and exposed them to frequent accidents from dangerous machinery. They introduced new working processes and machinery at will, often replacing men by lower-paid women and children. Factory discipline was like that of a military force, and workers who ‘mutinied’ could be sacked and, by arrangement with other employers, blacklisted, so that they could not get work elsewhere. Employers accepted no responsibility for payment of wages during sickness, and workers sacked or disabled had to rely on their own resources. Trade unions were formed to resist these pressures. The basic idea was that, by combining together, workers could get better terms, protect individuals against victimization and provide payments out of union funds during strikes or lockouts. As the immediate consequence of successful union action was to reduce the employers’ profits, their reaction was predictable and they did everything they could to crush the unions. They got the government and Parliament to declare the unions illegal for organizations under laws carrying savage penalties. They declared that British industry would be ruined by the unions and the workers would become unemployed. They had the backing of the church and of most economists in their anti-union campaign, yet so desperate was the condition of the workers that unions went on being formed and operating. Unable to suppress them the government finally, in 1824, made them legal. Employers have come to learn that trade unions can be useful to them. Now only a few employers and eccentric capitalists are anti-union. Most employers, especially the bigger ones, including the nationalized industries and the government, accept trade unions as â€Å"social partners† whose joint task it is to see that industry runs smoothly and with a minimum of industrial trouble. Employers have had to come to terms with trade unions and strikes. In return for recognition (sole bargaining rights, compulsory union membership and sometimes the deduction of dues from wages and representation on various joint committees) trade unions are expected to keep their members in order and, if necessary, discipline them: for example, if they interrupt production by going on unofficial strike. Most unions in Britain today are prepared to accept such a deal. The question arises to what extent modern trade unions can still be regarded as democratic organizations, in the sense of being run by and for the workers. That the unions do provide a service for their members cannot be denied. What is relevant in this context is the extent to which trade unions are run by their members. Most unions have formal democratic constitutions which provide for a wide degree of membership participation and democratic control. In practice however, these provisions are sometimes ineffective and actual control of many unions is in the hands of a well-entrenched full-time leadership. It is these leaders who frequently collaborate with the State and employers in the administration of capitalism; who get involved in supporting political parties and governments which act against the interest of the working class. But it would be wrong to write off the unions as anti-working-class organizations. The union has indeed tended to become an institution apart from its members; but the policy of a union is still influenced by the views of its members. A union is only as strong as its members. For without their participation at the place of work, and without their willingness to go on strike or take some other form of industrial action, a union would be in a weakened position with regard to the employer. Although the First International lasted for only a few years it left behind unions in many countries which appreciated the need for international organization, leading in 1901 to the formation of the International Federation of Trade Unions representing for each country national federations like the TUC. At the same time international organizations were formed representing unions in particular industries, such as the miners, the transport workers, engineering workers, etc. The statutory recognition rights provided by the Employment Relations Act 1999 appear to offer substantial new legal support for trade unions in Britain. It is, however, far from clear how substantial this support will prove to be in practice, or how far it will alter the extent and conduct of collective bargaining. There have already been some broad-ranging analyses in anticipation of the legislation (McCarthy, 1999; Wood & Godard, 1999; Towers, 1999). Although the law increasingly acknowledges alternative forms of employee representation, the promotion of collective bargaining through a recognized trade union is ‘still the favored means of advancing the interests of both unions and workers’ (McCarthy, 2000). There are inherent difficulties in using legal sanctions to bring parties to the bargaining table; the 1999 Act, accordingly, holds the threat of statutory recognition in reserve for situations where the parties have failed to make provision for voluntary recognition. This ‘procedural’ emphasis means that, on close inspection, what appears to be a statutory right to recognition is in fact nothing of the sort. The Act is therefore likely to disappoint those who see it as the harbinger of a new right to collective bargaining. The new recognition procedure arguably makes more sense as part of a wider package of measures aimed at advancing ‘partnership’ at work. However, this is not necessarily consistent with the priority given to the recognized trade union as the preferred model of employee representation. The problem is not simply that the new law will have little or no impact on workplaces where union influence, while significant, is nevertheless far below the membership thresholds set for statutory recognition. Even where the union can show majority support within the relevant bargaining unit, the new law does little to promote an active, continuing dialogue between the parties. This is in contrast to the alternative ‘information and consultation’ model of employee representation which is found in various forms in mainland Europe and which has enjoyed, from time to time, the support of the TUC. This approach arguably has the potential to promote partnership based on dialogue in many more workplaces than those which will be affected by the new recognition law, and, indirectly, to widen the range of matters over which bargaining takes place. A natural assumption might be that the act of trade union recognition is clear-cut. A reasonable starting point would be that it is comparable with other acts of legitimation or authorization of status such as the granting of citizenship, or the granting of diplomatic recognition to a foreign government. By such actions governments provide access to a range of rights which are in principle both defined and enforceable and, furthermore, relate to third parties. Employers, however, are very different from governments. The rights that they can grant to trade unions are solely with regard to transactions with themselves, and do not normally bind third parties. As a result, in the context of British labor law, the definition and enforcement of these rights is both more private and more problematic. This elusive character of recognition rights has increased with the decline of industrial agreements in Britain. Forty years ago, the granting of recognition to a union would, for the great majority of workplaces, imply at very least conformity with the appropriate industrial agreement. With this conformity would come not only substantive rights to such things as pay and hours minima, but also procedural rights to union representation, both in individual disciplinary procedures and in collective procedures to vary the agreements. Today, with a few exceptions (such as in the electrical contracting, construction, and knitwear industries) such agreements have largely disappeared. They now cover only a small proportion of the minority of British employees who are still covered by any sort of collective bargaining (Cully & Woodland, 1998). For nearly 70 per cent of all those covered by collective bargaining, and for over 80 per cent of all those covered within the private sector, bargaining is conducted not by sector or industry, but at the level of the individual enterprise, or of some subordinate part of it (Brown et al. 2000). Bargaining at the level of the enterprise does not necessarily precede on the basis of formally defined recognition rights. The law does not require a recognition agreement to be in writing. Formal acknowledgement of a union’s rights often amounts to little more than the specification of its role in a grievance or discipline procedure, or giving it a named role in consultation procedures. There may be no written document indicating that a union has negotiation rights on specified issues. Even where a union plays a substantial role of representation and bargaining within an enterprise, there may be few clues to such an entitlement from anything that has been written down. Whether or not anything is written down, the status granted to a union by an employer is not a black-and-white issue. It is, as we see further below, a matter of degree. The depth of trade union recognition granted by an employer depends, in part, upon the scope of bargaining, which is another way of describing the range of issues on which bargaining is permitted (Clegg, 1976). Other aspects of the depth of recognition include the employer’s predisposition to make concessions during collective bargaining, the facilities that are offered to trade unions, the extent to which the bargaining relationship is formalized, and the extent to which the employer communicates with employees other than through union channels. The mere fact that an employer has granted union recognition tells one little about the practical value of that to the trade union in terms of effective collective bargaining. There are various legal concepts of recognition, the meanings of which depend on the purpose they are meant to serve. Recognition may be a passport not just to collective bargaining but to certain statutory rights. If an employer voluntarily recognizes a union, it comes under a statutory obligation to consult representatives of that union before making certain redundancies; where there is a transfer of the undertaking; before contracting-out of the state earnings-related pension scheme; and in relation to health and safety matters (Deakin & Morris, 2001). Recognition also entitles the union to claim disclosure of information for collective bargaining purposes, and entitles union members to time off for certain activities. In these contexts, ‘recognition’ refers to ‘the recognition of the union by an employer, or two or more associated employers, to any extent, for the purposes of collective bargaining’. Collective bargaining is defined as ‘negotiations relating to or connected with’ a range of matters grouped under seven categories and including, inter alia, terms and conditions of employment; the physical conditions of work; engagement; termination; allocation of work; discipline; trade union membership; trade union facilities; and machinery for negotiation or consultation (Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, s. 78). It is sufficient that the employer negotiated with a union on any one of these matters for the union to be recognized in this sense. With the passage of the 1999 Act, an additional definition of recognition was needed, one which would identify those matters over which the employer would have a duty to bargain. Essentially, this means that the scope of matters over which statutory recognition arises are narrower than the range of matters which the law associates with the practice of voluntary recognition. Thus, the nature of the power relationship between the employer and the trade union will continue to be highly relevant in determining the scope and extent of bargaining, just as it was prior to the coming into force of the new procedure. There are several other respects in which the new statutory right to recognition is tightly circumscribed. In particular, an application for statutory recognition can only be lodged in respect of bargaining units over which there is not, already, a voluntary recognition agreement. More specifically, a union which is, itself, already recognized over any one of ‘pay, hours or holidays’ (emphasis added) (Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, Sched. A1, para. 35(2) (b)) is apparently barred from bringing a claim for statutory recognition in respect of the relevant bargaining unit. Nor can a union use the statutory procedures to challenge a rival, incumbent union, unless that union is non-independent, and even then, the procedure for statutory derecognition is highly complex (Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, Sched.  A1, Part VI). At first sight, the new procedure enshrines a right to recognition over pay, hours and holidays for unions which can show that they have majority support in the relevant bargaining unit. On closer inspection, this right is far from universal since it only arises in respect of bargaining units where either no union is recognized or where the matters over which recognition has been conceded do not cover any part of the statutory core of ‘pay, hours and holidays’. Moreover, it is in essence a right to invoke a procedure rather than a right to achieve a particular outcome. An employer can avoid the imposition of a statutory order by making a voluntary agreement at one of a number of stages within the recognition procedure. If this occurs, the union can hold out for bargaining over the statutory core, knowing that, if it can show majority support in a ballot or otherwise, the CAC must grant it a declaration of statutory recognition. However, the content of statutory recognition is then dependent on the remedies which are made available against a recalcitrant employer.

Drama on Stage and Screen

Drama on Stage and Screen Numerous attempts have been made to create screen versions of William Shakespeare’s plays. This paper is aimed at discussing one of such adaptations, namely the movie Twelfth Night or What You Will directed by Trevor Nunn. The film-makers had to make the comedy accessible to the modern audience without oversimplifying its plot, language, and themes. This is the main challenge that they faced.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drama on Stage and Screen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In particular, they had to create a fast-paced plot and retain the most important scenes. Furthermore, it was necessary to make sure that the actions and motives of the main characters were fully understandable to the viewers. Finally, the film-makers had to retain the beauty of William Shakespeare’s verses. They had to bridge the gap between the author’s language and the language of the audience. Despite the challenge s, this screen adaptation succeeds one of the main themes explored by the playwright, for example the artificial nature of gender differences. This is why Trevor Nunn’s film is a good adaptation of William Shakespeare’s comedy and it is worth attention. First of all, Trevor Nunn wanted to make sure that the audience could easily of the movie the plot of the movie; this is why he rearranged the scenes and added new ones. It should be noted that Shakespeare’s play starts immediately on the island of Illyria. The author describes the conversation between Orsino and Curio (Shakespeare 1). Only later the readers can fully grasp the twists of the plot and the comedy of errors. In contrast, the film opens with the description of Viola and Sebastian’s voyage and the subsequent shipwreck (Twelfth Night: Or What You Will). In this way, the film-makers tried to emphasize the point that the brother and sister were separated by a certain irresistible force. Later they have to confront different comic situations that could be explained by errors and misunderstanding. Moreover, Trevor Nunn decided to incorporate the voice-over narration in the movie. The narration is told by Feste’s who knows more about actions and intentions of other people (Twelfth Night or What You Will). Overall, Feste can be called an omniscient character. One can say that in this way, the film-makers attempted to unify different scene of the Shakespeare’s play. Overall, Trevor Nunn managed to make the following scenes and dialogues more lucid. Therefore, by introducing the third-person narration they were better able to achieve this goal.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, the creators of the film tried to describe a social and cultural environment that could be more understandable to contemporary viewers. To order to Shakespeare’s plays, readers and viewers have to have some background knowledge of the Elizabethan society, its norms and values. These norms may not be familiar to modern viewers. This is one of the reasons why the action takes places in the nineteenth century Europe, rather than Elizabethan period. Even the main character’s clothing indicates that they could not possible live in the sixteen or seventeenth century England (Twelfth Night: Or What You Will). Besides, one can mention the film contains the music of the Edwardian era (Brusberg-Kiermeier and Helbig 156). This is a direct reference to the nineteenth century England. In this way, the film-makers were able to show that the situations described by William Shakespeare’s play can be applicable to people who live in different societies and cultures. This is why this movie can be regarded as a success. Thus, one has to admit that Trevor Nunn had to make some alterations in the plot and setting; nevertheless, these changes did n ot prevent the film-makers from exploring the main theme of the comedy, in particular, the artificial nature of gender roles and common stereotypes about men and women. This is why this screen version is worth considering. Secondly, the creators of the film had to remain within certain time limits that are set for commercial movies. Certainly, these limits are not strictly determined by some external authority, but directors have to remember that it is difficult to keep the viewers’ attention if the movie lasts for more three hours. This is another challenge that Trevor Nunn had to face while adapting the movie. Shakespeare’s play includes five acts and nineteen scenes. It could be difficult to include all of them into the film. This is why some scenes were excluded from the movie, for instance, the first conversation between Orsino and Curio. One should bear in mind that this movie lasts for 134 minutes. By strictly following Shakespeare’s play, Trevor Nunn wou ld have exceeded the time limits. Overall, one can say that the plot of this film is very fast-paced and it keeps the attention of the audience. This is this film enjoys popularity among many viewers. So, Trevor Nunn’s editing decisions were quite successful. His movie can give viewers a good idea about the original text and this is one of its main advantages.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Drama on Stage and Screen specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another aspect that should be discussed is the difference between the language of William Shakespeare and the language used in the movie. While writing his plays, William Shakespeare used words and expressions that could be understandable to people living in the Elizabethan society, but they may be misinterpreted by contemporary speakers of English. For instance, the place contains such as a phrase â€Å"I have taken great pains to con it† (Shakespeare 50). In contrast, the film-makers decided to substitute the verb â€Å"con† for â€Å"learn† (Twelfth Night: Or What You Will). The thing is that at the time of Shakespeare the verb â€Å"to con† did not have a negative meaning of fraud or swindle. This example indicates that Shakespearian language should be sometimes altered or adjusted; otherwise, modern viewers can misinterpret his line. Therefore, Trevor Nunn and his colleagues had to make sure that dialogues are properly understood by contemporary viewers. However, the director remained more or less faithful to Shakespeare’s language, and the viewers can appreciate the beauty of the verse. So, one should not suppose that Trevor Nunn completely modernized the original text of Shakespeare’s comedy. Thus, the screen adaptation proved to be successful, at least to some degree. Nevertheless, these differences do not mean that this film is inferior to the play. One should remember that the behavior of c haracters is expressed differently on stage and screen. For example, contemporary cinematographers can visualize the tempest mentioned by William Shakespeare in his play. There are several aspects of the film that make it worth attention. In particular, one can speak about the performance of Imogen Stubbs, Toby Stephen and Helena Bonham Carter. They perfectly impersonated Viola, Orsino, and Olivia. Special attention should be paid to Imogen Stubbs and Toby Stephen who were able to describe the comic situations arising out of the similarity between the brother and sister. Overall, these performers are able to reflect the experiences of the siblings. Additionally, one should not forget about the performance of Helena Bonham Carter who plays Olivia. This actress shows how love can affect and transform even the most reticent and reserved person. Skillful performance is probably the main strength of the film because actors were able to render the motives behind the behavior of the main c haracters.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They were able to convey Shakespeare’s irony and the complexity of his characters. These actors greatly contributed to the success of the film. As it has been noted before, this adaptation of Shakespeare’s comedy retained the vibrancy of the original text. This is another reason why this movie achieved critical recognition and popularity among viewers. Overall, one can argue that Trevor Nunn and his colleagues were able to overcome the challenges related to the screen adaptation. There are some differences between the original text and its screen adaptation, but these differences do not prevent the viewers from enjoying William Shakespeare’s ideas and language. The movie was successful in rendering the authors’ sense of comedy and paradox. Moreover, the actors were able to convey the beauty of the original text and the complexity of the character’s behavior. The sexuality plays an important part in the film. Trevor Nunn was able to demonstrate that in many cases, gender differences are social constructs that have nothing to do with the internal traits of a person. So, Trevor Nunn’s adaptation is a good attempt to translate Shakespeare’s comedy into the language of cinematography. Brusberg-Kiermeier, Stefani, and J. Helbig. Shakespeare in the Media: From the  Globe Theatre to the World Wide Web, New York: Peter Lang, 2010. Print. Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night: or, What You Will, New York: Harold Bloom, 2007. Print. Twelfth Night: Or What You Will. Ex. Prod. Stephen Evans. London: BBC Films. 1996. DVD.

Monroe Doctrine Analysis essays

Monroe Doctrine Analysis essays Monroe Doctrine Analysis Position Paper In 1820, there were many successful revolts of most of Spains Latin American colonies, which caused a great diplomatic challenge for the newly elected President Monroe. With the growing spirit of nationalism in America, and many of the European countries wanting to reclaim their revolting Latin American colonies, Monroe was confused at to what should be done. Congress was pushing towards recognizing the new republics as nations independent from European control, while Monroe thought such a statement would ruin Americas neutral and peaceful ties with Europe, and impede any negotiations with them. But with much deliberation and thought the Monroe Doctrine was issued by America in 1823 , and supported by Great Britain not to simply protect the democratic countries of Latin America from further colonization and political control by European countries, but purely for their own political and economical benefits. For America, the Monroe Doctrine meant the establishment of stronger diplomatic ties with nations, and the reassurance to their right to more western territory. At the beginning of the decisions of issuing the Monroe doctrine, Congress argued that it was necessary for them to recognize these new republics, because they were simply following Americas footsteps. It was also argued that if they did not protect the independent nations from European control, it would directly end up hurting American trade and territorial expansion. If their independence was not recognized, it would contradict the validity of Americas own declaration of independence to the American people. Monroe hesitated to support these new countrys independence, for his worry that it would hurt negotiations with Spain about acquiring Florida. But in 1821, the Florida treaty was passed, so Monroe agreed to the establishment of diplomatic ties with t...

Six Ways to Make Your Editor Happy and Get More Story Assignments

Six Ways to Make Your Editor Happy and Get More Story Assignments Frequently writing coaches teach how to break into the magazine market, but not how to build a relationship with an editor well enough to become a regular contributor. After freelancing for eight years (including regular columns for several publications), I accepted the position of editor for a regional lifestyle magazine. Since joining the magazine staff, Ive come to wish every freelancer could spend enough time in an editors shoes to learn both sides of the business. Editors generally give new writers a chance with a short, front-of-the-book piece to see what they can do. Some never get a second chance. Others lose their foothold after several stories. If you struggle to develop a long-term relationship with the publications you wish to work with on a regular basis, see if any of these tips apply to you. Be punctual - Think this is self-explanatory? You wouldnt believe how many times Ive had to email a writer to ask for a late assignment. Late assignments clog the flow of everything, from copyediting to layout to printing. If your stories frequently hold up progress, expect your future queries to fall on deaf ears. Know your reader - Magazines generally have a demographic that encompasses education level, economic means and geographic location. As highly as we like to think of our own writing, remember the average American reads on a seventh grade level. If you are writing for the typical consumer magazine, nix the words nefarious and ubiquitous and speak the language of the people. If you see ads in the magazine for Rolex watches and Saks Fifth Avenue, dont assume the reader will want to read how to score big at Goodwill. Also, dont pitch articles to regional publications highlighting attractions outside of their geographic area. Be a servant - Freelance writers provide a service for the publication. That makes them servants, not celebrities, divas or gods. My first week on the job as editor, I had an irate writer demand a retraction for the edits I made to her story. She never respectfully questioned my changes. She demanded and threatened because, as a self-proclaimed prominent member of the community, she was embarrassed that the end product wasnt her work. Unfortunately, her work read like a list of facts, lacking life and quotes from real people. That said Provide life - Never turn in a story for which you havent interviewed a real person, in person. Dont tell me about those five places to go canoeing, let the man in the canoe tell m - in his words. Avoid emailing interview questions. You miss the opportunity to get random comments and the tone of voice, posture and facial expressions that prompt you to dig deeper. At least use the telephone. Make technology your friend Editors do not have the time, nor the desire, to teach you how to download a contract and sign and return it - electronically. If you cannot handle the technology required to become a regular contributor to the publication, the editor will not invite you to become one. Keep your emails organized When submitting a query, create a fresh email with your topic in the subject line. Then, when you follow up with questions, your editor wont have to search for 15 minutes to find the original query. I could go on. But if you can master just these few tips, and your writing is clean and your ideas are fresh, I guarantee any editor would love to have you on board.

Bridging Social Sciences Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bridging Social Sciences - Assignment Example Some crimes may be committed in the name of honor, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices that have proved harmful to the lives of the women like forced marriages. Some violence against women may be penetrated by the state or state officials for example sexual slavery, forced displacement at workplaces and trafficking of the women for the purposes of sexual and economic exploitations that may result into violation of human rights of women Violence against women is a vice that is collectively an act that is committed exclusively against women. Some times this type of violence targets a specific group of people with gender victims as main motive (Owoh, K., 1998). Violence against women has been a manifestation of unequal power relation between women and men making it to become a crucial social mechanism through which women are forced in the subordinate positions when compared to men. The calculated data resulting from the motivated violence against women by their intimate partners are estimated to have greater impact both on the direct and indirect individual and public costs. These costs are related to suffering health issues, employment cost among very many other issues. The main cause of domestic violence against women has been struggle for power. The consequence of this vice of the domestic violence against women may be both psychological and physical and may be so devastating that to some people it might be seen as some form of torture. Because of the pervasiveness and the prevalence of this vice in almost all parts of the world, domestic violence has become too common that it affects not only women and their children but also affects the entire community As a result of the pervasiveness of the vice of domestic violence against women in almost all parts of the world, the society must consider and react to this vice with a comprehensive

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act - Research Paper Example up to date record of factual money and other business transactions and to file these records with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (National Institute on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 2008). An issuer is a company whose securities are listed in the U.S. or a company on which it is obligatory to file periodic records regarding company assets and business transactions to the SEC according to the Securities and Exchange Act of 1974. 2. Domestic concerns: ‘Domestic concerns’ is a wider category and encircles the individuals who are citizens, nationals of the U.S. It also encompasses the individuals who are the residents of the United States. All corporations, partnerships, stock companies, and unincorporated organizations, companies listed in the United States Stock exchange which have their major businesses operating in the United States or in any common wealth country and are set up according to the laws of the U.S. are also included in the ‘Domestic Concerns’ category. Therefore, U.S. citizens, nationals or residents will be held responsible for the violation of FCPA even if the foreign officials were bribed outside the territory of United States. Violation of FCPA consists of ‘five components’. If the government succeeds in proving the existence of these five components then the suspect is considered to have violated the FCPA and is subjected to further implications. Anti bribery provisions of FCPA states that it is illegal for U.S. companies, U.S. citizens and companies listed in the U.S. stock exchange to either directly or indirectly offer money, or anything that might be valuable to a foreign officer in exchange for acquiring or retaining business in the U.S (Low et al 2009). Implementation of FCPA is not limited by U.S. territorial boundaries and in several cases FCPA violation is a direct result of corruption that takes place in company departments situated outside the U.S. Therefore, FCPA requires company owners to

Britains Control Over Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Britains Control Over Industrialization - Essay Example The industrial revolution brought about the invention of iron and textile industries as well as the steam engine that were the central roles of the revolution. Britain is known to be the leader in the industrial revolution as most of the industrial revolution revolves around it. It is also known that Britain maintained much authority over the revolution period and controlled the economic and political structures of many states. From this perspective, it is clear that Britain had much control over the industrial revolution due to various reasons. A number of reasons have been tabled down backing up Britain’s dominance in the Industrial Revolution. Some are geographical while others seem to e social-political in nature. On the geographical factors, Britain had huge coal deposits that were used to power the newly invented machines (Dunn and Laura, 25-28). The other geographical factor was that Britain had many waterways. Most of the rivers in the country were navigable, and much of the coal deposits were near these rivers. Also, the country had many and long coastlines that made transportation easier through the water. Therefore, the availability of both coal and waterways enabled extra coal extraction and transportation in the country possible. The other factor that made Britain dominate during the Industrial Revolution was the fact that it had created a huge empire for itself overseas. All British Empire were used to provide raw materials that were used in the Britain mills. On the other hand, these empires had been m ade captive markets by the Britain for its finished products. For instance, the British had captured most of the Asian countries creating a free market for raw materials. Also, it had made it impossible for these countries to build their industries so that it could dominate the market (Dunn and Laura, 28-33). Any country that resisted Britain’s dominance faced the risk

HISTORY OF ROCK & ROLL FINAL EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HISTORY OF ROCK & ROLL FINAL EXAM - Essay Example According to him, rock and roll lacked that. Mick’s assertion were reiterated by several rock and roll artists such as Lenny Kravitz, Swedish band- the Hellacopters, just to mention, but a few. There sentiments seemed to be a premonition of what was to come decades later. This is ascribed to the fact that fifty years down the line rock and roll is no more (Topping). It has slowly died and is soon being forgotten. In the year 2010, the number of rock music appearing in the chart fell to its lowest level in fifty years. This happened when only three songs managed to appear in the top one hundred best-selling hits in the United Kingdom. Additionally, the percentage of rock tracks plummeted from a sickening thirteen percent in 2009 to a terminal three percent in 2010. This was way far behind R n B/hip hop at forty seven percent, pop at forty percent and dance at ten percent, according to Music Week. Over time, rock had competed relatively with pop music in the singles chart. According to Music Week, in 2008, rock music acco unted for twenty seven of the one hundred best-selling singles; however, the number declined to three in 2010 (Topping). It is most likely that we are coming to an end of rock and roll. It is as if we have reached the limit of what bass, drums, keyboards, guitars and vocals can create; thus, music is slowly moving back to where it came from (being recycled). A post-modernism school of thought in the contemporary culture suggests that recent cultures are cannibalizing the past, and there is nothing new anymore; everything is same, but given a different look. Have a look at movies: Sequels, remakes, films and prequels based on TV shows (Topping). It is also a fact that the modern music appears stuck in the yesteryear groove since there are no scenes or movements coming from anti-establishment ideology. Rock and roll history is rebellion’s history. For instance, stories such as Elvis, King

Martin Luther King Jr. and the Philosophy of Civil Disobedience in Research Paper

Martin Luther King Jr. and the Philosophy of Civil Disobedience in Todays World - Research Paper Example Until his assassination in 1968, Dr. King championed civil rights movements and was dedicated to the course of justice and freedom through nonviolent means. There are many ways in which the oppressed deal with their oppression. According Martin Luther king Jr., there are three basic ways through which the oppressed deal with their oppression. These include acquiescence, physical aggression and hatred and nonviolent opposition (Warner and Hilliard 311). When the oppressed resort to use acquiescence, they basically become submissive and acclimatize to oppression, thus becoming accustomed to the oppression (Warner and Hilliard 311). Not all people are willing to break free from oppression. Some individuals usually prefer to stay under oppression. Such people become used to oppressive situations in a way that they give preference to maintaining their slavery status quo than subject themselves to uncertain freedom. People who chose acquiescence as a means of dealing with their oppression are usually engulfed in their suppression that they simply fail to think beyond their current predicament. In such a situation, the oppressed adopts the system of the oppressor and is as wicked as his master. One current example is the case of Syria where Bashar-al-Assad’s administration is tactically scheming to erode the influence of opposition parties and making multitude of Syrians to absolutely depend on the government support and continue living under oppression by the Syrian government. Just like Martin Luther King Jr. acknowledged, no oppressor will ever grow a rational emotion and award his slaves their much desired freedom. As such, this approach is quite immoral and futile way of dealing with oppression. Physical aggression and sheer hatred is the second way through which the oppressed may prefer in dealing with their oppression (Warner and Hilliard 312). Like Martin Luther King Jr. argues, the oppressor is never in a position to grant freedom voluntarily and the o ppressed must demand for it. Violent confrontation of oppressive regime has been used by many nations to win their freedom. For example, in 2011, the rebels in Libya resorted to capture and assassinate Muammar Gaddafi over claims of long time oppression of the Libyan people. Great masses rejoiced from his death because they perceived the execution of Gaddafi as the onset of their freedom. However, violence is not the best way of attaining freedom. It never brings eternal peace, offers no solution to social problems, but only pile many more challenges to the society. Lastly, the oppressed can resort to nonviolent approach to end their repression and achieve their desired freedom (Corlett 32). This approach reconciles acquiescence and physical aggression approaches to obtaining freedom. Nonviolent opposition seeks to find a balance point between the oppressor and the oppressed by eliminating the vices that characterize the current situation and creating friendship between the two (Lon g 104). It consciously seeks to foster equality among all people. For example, in Lebanon, approximately one-quarter of the country’s population convened in Beirut in 2005 to protest the killing of a famous politician and demanded the termination of the oppressive government led by Syria together with withdrawal of Syrian military. This is the best approach because it tackles the challenges of the oppressed and seeks to make things better for them unlike acquiescence and

HISTORY OF ROCK & ROLL FINAL EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HISTORY OF ROCK & ROLL FINAL EXAM - Essay Example According to him, rock and roll lacked that. Mick’s assertion were reiterated by several rock and roll artists such as Lenny Kravitz, Swedish band- the Hellacopters, just to mention, but a few. There sentiments seemed to be a premonition of what was to come decades later. This is ascribed to the fact that fifty years down the line rock and roll is no more (Topping). It has slowly died and is soon being forgotten. In the year 2010, the number of rock music appearing in the chart fell to its lowest level in fifty years. This happened when only three songs managed to appear in the top one hundred best-selling hits in the United Kingdom. Additionally, the percentage of rock tracks plummeted from a sickening thirteen percent in 2009 to a terminal three percent in 2010. This was way far behind R n B/hip hop at forty seven percent, pop at forty percent and dance at ten percent, according to Music Week. Over time, rock had competed relatively with pop music in the singles chart. According to Music Week, in 2008, rock music acco unted for twenty seven of the one hundred best-selling singles; however, the number declined to three in 2010 (Topping). It is most likely that we are coming to an end of rock and roll. It is as if we have reached the limit of what bass, drums, keyboards, guitars and vocals can create; thus, music is slowly moving back to where it came from (being recycled). A post-modernism school of thought in the contemporary culture suggests that recent cultures are cannibalizing the past, and there is nothing new anymore; everything is same, but given a different look. Have a look at movies: Sequels, remakes, films and prequels based on TV shows (Topping). It is also a fact that the modern music appears stuck in the yesteryear groove since there are no scenes or movements coming from anti-establishment ideology. Rock and roll history is rebellion’s history. For instance, stories such as Elvis, King

A critical assessment of the marketing challenges facing an Essay

A critical assessment of the marketing challenges facing an organisation of your choice and recommendations for the development of Competitive Advantage - Essay Example A close analysis of other companies that have survive during harsh market periods will help point out possible opportunities that Ryanair mas use to escape the looming threat. The research will end with workable recommendations that will provide strategies for Ryanair to survive within the market. In the 21st century business environment, companies have to stay on the alert in terms of aligning their business strategy with the ever-changing business environment. Particularly, the international airlines market has become sensitive with rapid changes in the economic structure, increase in competition and government regulation (Cento, 2009). Ryanair, one of the low-cost international airline operators in Europe, has faced a number of challenges while operating in the dynamic market. The purpose of this essay is to make an analysis of the competitive ability of the company, point out specific problems and develop strategic adaptations for the company. Marketing analysis is concerned with the ability of a company within a specific industry to position itself as a top service provider. Hubbard, Rice, & Beamish (2008, p.69) defined industry as, a group of organizations or business units producing close substitutes. â€Å"Market† is a word which use very closely to â€Å"Industry.† Perhaps the most frequent word use as a substitute to â€Å"industry.† However, â€Å"market† defined as a group of consumers with similar needs. (Hubbard, Rice, & Beamish, 2008, p. 97). Evidently, each organization has operates within a particular industry and has a specific target market. Within an industry, organizations compete as a way of appealing to their target customer to purchase their service and products. On the other hand, the customers choose organizations that best suit their needs and purchase from organizations that best satisfy their tastes and

Knowing and Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Knowing and Knowledge Essay Of Mary TMCCA Patterns of Knowing and Knowledge It is suggested that there are five patterns of knowing and knowledge in nursing. A nurse must develop and balance all of these patterns of knowledge in order to be effective. As in all of nursing, nurses refine these patterns with experience and reflection throughout his or her career. This knowledge is interrelated, interdependent and overlapping. Nurse, as any other profession develop their own pattern of knowledge as part of their profession, nursing being a unique profession with a unique pattern of knowledge because it requires intellectual knowledge, technical skill and is considered an art (Rutty, J. E. 1998). The first pattern of knowledge is emancipatory knowledge. This concept challenges the nurse to recognize the sometimes-subtle social and political ramifications influencing his or her practice and patient care. The nurse must first recognize that something is wrong, and then have the courage to meet the challenge to attempt to change the status quo (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Hegemony is the ability of a certain group or dominant class to influence or control another population or group and influence them to accept their view. The hospital environment and relationships within them can be considered hegemonic, therefore, nurses learn early in their education that is conflict is common between hierarchies within institutions. Nurses learn early in their careers that hegemony can cause disharmony in their practice (Clare, 1993). In order to utilize this practice or pattern of knowing the nurse must question not only what is wrong with the picture but also who is benefiting from the status quo. It is assumed that the disadvantaged population or individual is not free to choose from the options that more advantage persons would be able to choose. The nurse must ask critical questions such as what is wrong with this picture and who is benefiting by keeping the status quo (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Ethical knowledge in nursing has to do with doing no harm and doing what is right. Ethics asks what is right and who is responsible? Nurses are challenges daily in clarifying their values and exploring their alternatives when ethical dilemma’s occur in practice. Various techniques that can be utilized for this process, however the nurse must be aware that this process is likely to be emotionally charged, as it will challenge his or her deeply held values and belief system. The nurse must also explore other avenues of resolution to the problem from the viewpoint of facts and logic. The use of an ethical decision tree is often useful when making an ethical decision, as it add clarity to the situation. Ethical knowledge in nursing operates within fundamental principal and codes. These include such principles of autonomy and benevolence. These are guides to our practice of what the right thing to do (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Griepp’s model of ethical decision making suggests that the nurse has personal belief systems and values however through education and knowledge development has the ability to change his or her beliefs or values. The nurse has the responsibility to always be aware of outside influences on his or her decision-making and carry out right behavior and knowledge (Griepp, 1992). Ethical and Moral Comportment is a term that refers to how nurses or individual behaves or acts morally relative to what they know ethically. This requires the nurse to integrate all patterns of knowledge into the decision-making process. Ethics being the knowledge of what is right, morality being the behavior or heart of what is right and is based on values. An individual has moral integrity when they behave in a manner that is consistent with their ethics. When nurses are unable or unwilling to maintain moral integrity they get moral distress. There are four types common ethical perspective in nursing. Teleology refers to what is right produces good. This concept often refers to the justification for the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Deontology refers to the principle that what is right may not necessarily produce a good outcome. When this principle is followed, it may be the right thing to do in the circumstance, but may cause harm. These two principles are often in conflict. The principle of relativism suggests that what is right in one culture or society may be different on another. This suggest that depending on time and place in history, what is right may change. Virtue ethics suggests that the person involved is important in the decision- making. The character and values or virtues of the person determines the ethical decisions made. The definition of virtue can be troubling when utilizing this principle, especially when referring to nurses as it is comprised of a high percentage of women, whose virtues tend to be obedience, submissiveness and self-sacrificing (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Personal knowledge is the most difficult knowledge for nurses to describe and develop as it takes much introspection, interaction and experience. It is complex and unique to each person yet fundamentally one of the most important patterns of knowing (Rutty, 1998). Personal knowing is rooted in the central questions of; do I know what I do? And Do I do what I know? This concept is spiritual in nature as ones values, attitude and hopes are linked to what they know about themselves and how they view the world, joy and suffering, realities, and how each person learns to be authentic and genuine. Personal knowledge is guided and learned by self-reflection, personal stories and being ones genuine self. The creative process of opening and centering guides it. This process allows the nurse to be present fully with other individuals, and develop the strength and character to be authentic and genuine with others. This allows the nurse to give meaning to the experiences he or she has lived (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Once knowledge is obtained, it becomes personal knowledge; this is part of our humanness. At times, the nurse must become uncomfortable in order to seek out personal knowledge as he or she explores and reflects (Sweeney, 1994). Personal knowing is how a nurse just knows something is about to happen or about a situation or another person. Personal knowing is the experience of the situation without conscious reason (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Personal knowing is what leads the nurse to intuitive thinking. He or she cannot tell you why she has this feeling that this will happen, he or she just knows (Sweeney, 1994). When the nurse has a strong sense of personal knowing it is empowering and gives the nurse a sense of community. The nurse values human life more fully and is more giving to others as he or she is more authentic and genuine both with him or herself and with others as they must attempt to view the perception of others (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Aesthetic knowledge is the art of nursing and how nurses find meaning and significance in each situation. This pattern of knowledge provides the nurse with insight into the human condition. This insight gives the nurse appreciation and inspiration for the practice of nursing. This pattern of knowing and insight allows the nurse to know the unique meaning to unique situations and transform problematic situations into therapeutic situations instantaneously. As in other patterns of knowing this pattern utilizes creativity by the nurse. The nurse must envision the possibility of the best outcome for a given situation and design through experience of past knowledge and present relationship and state as the situation takes place. This must integrate all patterns of knowing in order to be effective. While this is underemphasized in nursing practice, it is and integral part of nursing history. It is the heart of nursing excellence as it embodies mind, body and spirit to form the art and caring of nursing. This pattern of knowing takes discipline on the part of the nurse, as he or she must rehearse situations in advance (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). This pattern of knowing requires the nurse to be fully engaged and he or she must interpret each situation by looking beyond what is happening at the moment and envisioning various possibilities. One cannot fully explain in the form of language the art of nursing, however the nurse shows the art through interactions and skills (Mantzorou amp; Mastrogiannis, 2011). This pattern of knowing requires the nurse to know what it means to experience health as well as illness. Synchronous movements with ones language are important in this knowledge. The art of body language and touch is embodied with language skills. Eye contact, touch, facial expressions, tone and language skills are all important. When the nurse’s body language and tone matches what he or she is saying and he or she engages in therapeutic touch, language skills and body language skills a therapeutic environment is created. This therapeutic environment translates to aesthetic nursing (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). Empiric knowledge can be viewed as the science of nursing. This is the knowledge that is based on the senses. What can the nurse see, hear, touch, smell and possibly taste. They are the facts, figures, graphs, descriptions, and predictive relationships. Empirics can be validated and are viewed the same by all individuals, they are concrete (Mantzorou amp; Mastrogiannis, 2011). This being said, there are several dimensions to empiric knowledge as one must define the conceptual meaning of any given word or concept as it may have different meaning dependent on culture, the situation it is used, or past experience of the person imagining that word. Some concepts are based n continuums. The concepts of cardio-vascular health can be defined in many ways along the continuum. It would need to be more specifically defined along the continuum in order to be valid and clarifies an empiric concept. This creates identifies assumptions, clarifies context for theories, and designs relationship statements. Empiric theory can be defined in a number of ways. Chinn and Kramer (2011) describe empiric theory as â€Å"A creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that projects a tentative, purposeful and systematic view of phenomena†. This process requires creativity, rigor, structure, purpose and tentativeness on the part of the nurse (Chinn amp; Kramer, 2011). The fundamental concept of the servant leadership is relationship. One must have relationship with self and with others. This relationship relates to nursing as relationships and personal knowledge and self-reflection is an integral function of all patterns of knowledge. Listening, self- awareness, empathy, foresight and personal and professional growth all contribute to healing of self and others by a servant leader.

Ruamahanga River Analysis: Abiotic and Biotic Factors

Ruamahanga River Analysis: Abiotic and Biotic Factors 1. Introduction A brief description, including an aim of your investigation, details of your chosen area(s), sampling technique and the scientific names of the organisms investigated. Our investigation took place in the Ruamahanga river our aim was to find what abiotic factors and biotic factors were at the Ruamahanga river. We discovered a high number of organisms such as Ephemeroptera (Mayfly) and Trichoptera (caddisfly) and also a very small number of Plecoptera (stoneflies) from the Trinotoperla species 2. Biology of the Ecological Community Information about the organisms in the community you investigated. Describe the ecological niche and adaptations of at least two species, and relevant interrelationships between these organisms. Mayfly: Soft, elongate bodies, The aquatic mayfly nymphs have distinctive, leaf-shaped appendages on the sides of their abdomen that serve as gills for the exchange of respiratory gases.Three Life Stages: egg-aquatic nymph, and adult cycle which includes two phases: (subimago) dun and (imago stage) spinner Caddisflies: Caddisflies are related to Lepidoptera and resemble small hairy moths, but their wings are covered in dense hairs rather than scales and they lack the typical curled proboscis of most moths and butterflies. They are mostly dull-coloured and range in size from 2-40 millimetres in body length. Caddisflies are recognisable by the following features: Elongate body 2 pairs of membranous wings that are of differing size Wings covered in fine hairs. Wings form a roof over the abdomen when at rest Reduced mouthparts Larvae are all born and found in the water since their aquatic and the adults are predominantly found on land. Adults are nocturnal and found on tree trunks resting 3. Abiotic Environment Description of the abiotic factors found in the area you investigated. At the place of our investigation we had a look at the abiotic factors in the area there were tall trees blocking sunlight from hitting all of the river which creates an increase in oxygen because its colder but in the sunny spots the water temperature increases which causes the solubility of oxygen to decrease. We tested The speed of flow with a tape measurer, a stopwatch, and a ball and timed how long it took to travel 10m from point A to B.       Slow flow: Fast flow: Test 1: 34 m/s Test 2: 42 m/s Test 3: 29 m/s Average: 35 m/s Test 1: 13 m/s Test 2: 13 m/s Test 3: 13 m/s Average: 13 m/s The PH using a ph measurer. PH in slow flow was 7.61 PH in fast flow was 7.51 Temperature using a thermometer. In the sunlight the temperature was 17.8 and 19.8   in the slow flow area In the sunlight the temperature was 17.6 and 18.1 in the fast flow area Water clarity using a transparency tube. Slow flow Fast flow Test 1: 82 cm Test 2: 88 cm Test 3: 85 cm Average: 85 cm Test 1: 81 cm Test 2: 85 cm Test 3: 85 cm Average: 83.66 cm Conductivity reading: Slow flow read at: 140   ÃŽ ¼s/cm Fast flow read at: 140   ÃŽ ¼s/cm 4. Biotic Environment Note any interrelationships you may consider of the organisms to be studied. Consider predators, herbivores, competition and mutualism. During our investigation on biotic factors we noticed that we were catching a high number of Caddisflies and mayflies in both slow and fast flow, which showed us Slow flowing river point: Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 6 8 Free-living caddisfly 2 6 Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 4 8 Free-living caddisfly 3 6 Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 8 8 Free-living caddisfly 1 6 Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 7 8 Free-living caddisfly 1 3 worm 1 6 Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 5 8 Free-living caddisfly 0 6 Name of organism found: Number found: Pollution score of organism Flat Mayfly 4 8 Free-living caddisfly 1 6 Fast Flowing point: Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 7 8 Woody case caddisfly 0 5 Free-living caddisfly 2 6 Spotty Stonefly 1 5 Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 9 8 Woody case caddisfly 2 5 Free-living caddisfly 4 6 Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 11 8 Woody case caddisfly 1 5 Free-living caddisfly 3 6 worm 1 6 Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 8 8 Woody case caddisfly 2 5 Free-living caddisfly 2 6 Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 10 8 Free-living caddisfly 2 6 Spotty Stonefly 2 5 Name of organism Number found Pollution score Flat Mayfly 12 8 Woody case caddisfly 1 5 Free-living caddisfly 1 6 Beetle 1 6 5. Diagrams/pictures of your sampling site. Photo of the fast flow part of the river where we took our fast flow samples A picture of our fast flow area where we did all of our test for fast flow. A picture of how slow flow area where we did all of our test for slow flow.   6. Processed field data Presented in a table and graph which is appropriate and enables you to clearly show and the distribution pattern of your chosen organisms in the ecological community. 7. Discussion Explain why the population distribution pattern you have observed and described occurs.   Relate the pattern in the community to the biology and adaptations (structural, behavioural or physiological) of the two organisms studied.   Discuss how environmental factors (abiotic and biotic) might affect the organisms in the community, and how this relates to the observed distribution pattern, or absence of a pattern. This could involve elaborating, applying, justifying, relating, evaluating, comparing and contrasting, and/or analysing.   In your discussion, include interrelationships between organisms in your ecological community. With Caddisflies and Mayflies we saw that they didnt bother each other when we had them in the sampling container but they do compete for the same food because the both species eat algae and there would be a competition for the food. One thing we did notice was a larger population of Mayflies compared to what we caught in the way of Caddisflies. Due to the significant amount of Mayflies we suspect that because of the pollution score being up at 8 that its a bit too much for the Caddisflies to be able to live in with a higher population number. Another thing is a big predator to a Mayfly is a stonefly and we didnt see a lot of Stoneflies in the stream so the Mayflies are either dominant or the stoneflies just cant survive in that particular area because of their pollution level being down at 5. In conclusion I have realised that the higher the pollution number in an area i.e Mayflies being up at 8, they would then have a higher population were as if its a low pollution score i.e stone fly being down at 5 then there isnt such a big population. A small sample of a food chain in a stream: Algae→Mayflies→Stoneflies. A couple of biotic factors are: other organisms, competitors, predators herbivores and prey. 8. Bibliography A list of the information sources you used to help you write your report, written in a format that allows other people to find the information sources. These are the sources used to find most of my research. http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/insects/trichoptera.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddisfly#Ecology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfly http://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/animals/zoology-invertebrates/mayflies Biology level 2 book Biology scipad level 2 Wat is feit en fictie? Wat is feit en fictie? Inleiding Wij kregen een voorlichting van ons profielwerkstuk, tijdens die voorlichting kwamen wij eigenlijk gelijk op het idee om ons werkstuk over de Zeven Wereldwonderen te gaan doen. Helaas kwamen wij er later achter dat dit onderwerp al was gekozen. We moesten dus een nieuw onderwerp gaan zoeken. Wij vonden het lastig om dit nieuwe onderwerp te verzinnen. We hebben veel op internet gezocht en aan andere oud leerlingen gevraagd wat hun onderwerpen waren, maar we kwamen er niet uit. Uiteindelijk besloten we om de hulp te vragen aan onze begeleider, mevrouw van Bronswijk. Vorig jaar hebben wij tijdens maatschappijleer met een klein gedeelte van de klas The da Vinci Code gekeken bij mevrouw van Bronswijk. Zo kwam mevrouw van Bronswijk met het idee om daar ons profielwerkstuk over te gaan doen. Dit leek ons ook een leuk idee, want we vonden het een leuke film en het interesseerde ons ook. Er zijn veel verschillende theorieà «n over de Da Vinci Code en met dit profielwerkstuk kunnen wij onze eigen visie geven. Eerst hebben wij de hoofdvraag samen met mevrouw van Bronswijk geformuleerd. Samen met haar hebben wij besloten om eerst de film te gaan kijken en daarna de deelvragen te formuleren. Uit de film en het boek kunnen wij ideeà «n opdoen, om te onderzoeken of het vooral uit fictie of uit feiten bestaat. Ook kunnen wij op internet zoeken naar verdere informatie. Wij hebben ongeveer vijf maanden om ons profielwerkstuk af te maken. We hopen dat we ruim op tijd zijn, zodat we ons goed kunnen voorbereiden op onze eindpresentatie. Als we geen PTA-weken hebben willen we goed werken aan het profielwerkstuk, zodat we al onze aandacht erop kunnen richten. We willen de eindpresentie laten zien met behulp van een powerpoint. Het verhaal De aan Harvard afgestudeerde symbologist Robert Langdon is in Parijs voor zaken. Op een avond krijgt hij een laat telefoontje. De oude conservator van het Louvre is vermoord in het museum. Dichtbij het lichaam, heeft de politie raadselachtige cijfers gevonden. Langdon wordt gevraagd om het raadsel op te lossen. Langdon ontdekt stomverbaasd dat de cijfers leiden tot een spoor van aanwijzingen verborgen in de werken van Da Vinci. De aanknopingspunten zijn zichtbaar voor iedereen te zien en toch ingenieus verborgen door de schilder. De cijfers leiden naar Het Laatste Avondmaal. Het blijkt codes te bevatten rondom het mysterie tussen Maria Magdalena en Jezus. Langdon bundelt zijn krachten met een begaafde Franse cryptologe, Sophie Neveu. Hij komt te weten dat Saunià ¨re betrokken was bij de Priorij van Sion, een geheim genootschap, met onder andere leden als Isaac Newton, Botticelli, Victor Hugo en da Vinci. Saunià ¨re heeft zijn leven opgeofferd voor de bescherming van een groot geheim van de Priorij: de locatie van een enorm belangrijke religieus overblijfsel, dat al eeuwen verborgen ligt. In een reis door Parijs en Londen vinden Langdon en Neveu een albino monnik die lijkt te werken voor het Opus Dei. De albino monnik krijgt een opdracht van de kerkleiding om moorden te plegen. Langdon en Neveu komen erachter dat ze op zoek moeten gaan naar de Heilige graal. Ze komen erachter dat de Heilige Graal niet de kelk is waarin het bloed van Jezus Christus is opgevangen tijdens de kruisiging, maar wat het wel moet zijn weten zij nog niet. Langdon wordt door het hele verhaal heen achtervolgd door de politie omdat ze hem verdenken van de moord op Saunià ¨re, de conservator van het Louvre en tevens de opa van Sophie Neveu. Er wordt gestreden tussen het geheime genootschap Priorij van Sion, die de heilige graal beschermen, en de kerkelijke organisatie Opus Dei. Verschillende theorieà «n Dan Brown vertelt in het begin van zijn boek een aantal feiten. Hij vertelt dat de Priorij van Sion, een geheim genootschap dat in 1099 is opgericht, een werkelijk bestaande organisatie is. In 1975 ontdekte de Nationale Bibliotheek van Parijs een aantal perkamenten, Les dossiers secrets, waarin talrijke leden van de Priorij worden benoemd. Onder wie sir Isaac Newton, Botticelli, Victor Hugo en Leonardo da Vinci. Over de Opus Dei vertelt Dan Brown dat het een katholieke sekte is. Hij heeft geprobeerd een evenwichtige beschrijving van de Opus weer te geven. Het is voor veel mensen een positieve kracht in hun leven, maar er zijn ook mensen die negatieve ervaringen hebben. Het portret van de Opus Dei in de Da Vinci Code is gebaseerd op verschillende boeken en zijn eigen interviews met huidige en voormalige leden ervan. De feitenpagina beweert niets over de klassieke theorieà «n die de fictieve personen in het boek bespreken. Hij verteld in een interview dat de Da Vinci Code een roman is en dus fictie. De karakters en handelingen zijn verzonnen, maar volgens Dan Brown alle beschrijvingen van kunstwerken, architectuur, documenten en geheime rituelen in dit boek waarheidsgetrouw. Deze echte elementen worden door de karakters verklaard en besproken. Hij gelooft zelf dat sommige theorieà «n die door de karakters worden besproken veel waarde hebben, maar dat elke lezer voor zichzelf deze waarde moet beoordelen en er zijn eigen interpretatie aan moet geven. Hij openbaart dus het feit dat de Priorij van Sion en de Opus Dei echt hebben bestaan. Hij beweert dat de heilige graal geen voorwerp is, maar dat het Maria Magdalena is. Is deze theorie nieuw of al veel eerder bedacht? De ideologieà «n in het boek zijn al eeuwen oud en het zijn niet Dan Browns eigen geloofsovertuigingen. Het is de eerste keer dat deze ideologieà «n in een populaire thriller zijn verschenen, maar de informatie is alles behalve nieuw. Dan Brown hoopte dat de lezers hun eigen zoektocht begonnen naar de Da Vinci Code en hun interesse in het geloof aanwakkerden. Sommige mensen beweren dat de Priorij van Sion een verzonnen geheim genootschap is. Volgens de Fransman Pierre Plantard bestond de priorij al sinds de Middeleeuwen. Baigent, Leigh en Lincoln beweren dat Godfried van Bouillon in 1099 de opdracht gaf om in Jeruzalem op de berg Sion een abdij te bouwen. Hier ontstond de Priorij van Sion. De theorie van Dan Brown is dus niet vernieuwend, andere mensen hebben er al over gespeculeerd en Dan Brown heeft een theorie overgenomen. Tempeliers Wie waren de tempeliers en wat waren hun taken? De tempeliers waren een orde die het Heilige land ten tijden van de Heilige oorlog tegen de moslims wilden beschermen. Zij kwamen in actie in de periode van de kruistochten. De orde van tempeliers is omstreeks 1129/1130 opgericht. De tempeliers waren erg rijk, de mensen zeggen dat de tempeliers zo rijk zijn geworden doordat zij een schat hebben gevonden met belangrijke documenten, de heilige graal en gigantische geldschatten. Dit is volgens de geleerden niet waar want zij zeggen dat de tempeliers aan hun geld kwamen doordat zij de grootste bankier waren geworden. Zij hebben het internationale banksysteem uitgevonden. Ridders en landheren vertrouwden het grootste deel van hun vermogen aan de veilige handen van de tempeliers toe. Die vroegen daar uiteraard een vergoeding voor. Na verloop van tijd bezaten de tempeliers grote stukken land in Europa en het Midden-Oosten. De orde van de tempeliers begon officieel met 9 ridders; Hugo de Payens, Godfried van St. Omaars, Andrà © de Montbard, Fulk Comte dAnjou, Archaumbaud de Saint Amand, Rosal, Godfried Bisol, Gondemar en Godefroi. Na 9 jaar later stelden zij zich open voor anderen waardoor zij een grote macht werden in de wereld niet alleen in het Midden-Oosten maar ook in Europa. De eerste 9 jaar van de orde van de tempeliers hebben zij vooral op zichzelf geleefd. Het is altijd onduidelijk geweest van de 9 ridders de eerste negen jaren hebben gedaan. Er wordt gezegd dat zij zich hebben bezig gehouden met opgravingen in en onder de tempel van Salomon in Jeruzalem. Er zijn veel verschillende theorieà «n over geweest. Zij zouden daar hebben gezocht naar een materià «le en spirituele schat. De tempeliers hadden als plan om de pelgrims te beschermen naar het heilige land omdat zij onderweg vaak het slachtoffer waren van georganiseerde bendes. De tempeliers waren militair ingesteld. De tempeliers zorgden voor de bescherming van de pelgrims, de beveiliging van de pelgrimsroutes, de heilige plaatsen en de bevrijding van het heilige land. Ze zagen zichzelf als de militie van Christus. Het was toegestaan om moslims te doden maar wie een christen doodde, werd de orde uitgezet. De tempeliers waren berucht voor hun religieus fanatisme en militair karakter. De tempeliers gebruikten veel geweld tegen de vijanden van hun geloof en de vijanden werden gelijk gestraft. Maar steeds meer mensen geloven dat de tempeliers hier helemaal niet mee bezig waren. Zij geloven dat de tempeliers bezig waren om de SANGREAL te beschermen. San Greal = De heilige graal Sang Real = Koninklijk bloed Door het verschuiven van 1 letter veranderd de betekenis van het woord. Bij de uitvoering van hun taken waren zij bezig om dit geheim te beschermen. Zij zijn er wellicht achter gekomen dat de heilige graal iets volkomen anders is dan zij hadden verwacht. Men denkt dat de heilige graal de beker is waaruit Jezus tijdens zijn laatste avondmaal heeft gedronken maar er bestaat helemaal geen heilige graal op het laatste avondmaal ( hier komen wij later op terug ). Dit was het waar de katholieke kerk zo bang voor was en kan de katholieke kerk ten onder laten gaan. De tempeliers en de priorij van Sion deelde hetzelfde doel; het beschermen en laten voortbestaan van het geslacht der Merovingers en het waken over het geheim van de Heilige graal. In 1307 zijn de tempeliers massaal vervolgd en vermoord, dit had te maken met het rijkdom wat de tempeliers hadden. Geld betekent macht en de tempeliers kregen steeds meer macht. De franse koning Filips en paus Clemens V beraamde samen een plan om de tempeliers uit te schakelen. Zij gaven alle soldaten in heel Europa orders op om op 13 oktober 1307 de tempeliers op te pakken. Deze 13 oktober viel op een vrijdag, zo is de uitdrukking vrijdag de 13e ontstaan. De geruchten die overal rond gaan over de tempeliers en de heilige graal doen ook denken dat de kerk de tempeliers niet alleen heeft uitgeroeid om het geld maar misschien ook wel om het grote geheim. Wat is de Opus Dei en bestaan ze nog? Het Opus Dei is een organisatie van de Rooms-katholieke kerk. Ze willen dat mensen zich ervan bewust zijn dat ze met het geloof moeten leven en dat ze dat aan de ongelovigen van de maatschappij moeten overbrengen. Op 2 oktober 1928 is het Opus Dei opgericht door de Spaanse geestelijke Mgr. Josefmarà ­a Escrivà ¡ de Balaguer. Opus Dei betekent letterlijk ‘Werk van God. Als je over het Opus Dei leest, lees je altijd wel dat het een geheimzinnig genootschap is. Maar de Opus Dei leden zelf ontkennen dat. Volgens hen is het geen geheim, maar het is besloten en dat is een groot verschil. Ze omschrijven het als een privà © kwestie, een persoonlijke relatie met God. De oprichter van het Opus Dei, vatte de doelstelling van het Opus Dei zo samen: Het enige doel van het Opus Dei is eraan bij te dragen dat er mannen en vrouwen van alle rassen en sociale klassen zijn die, te midden van de aardse gebeurtenissen en bezigheden, God en hun medemensen in en door hun dagelijkse arbeid willen beminnen en dienen. Door De Da Vinci Code is er de laatste jaren meer belangstelling voor het Opus Dei. Het Opus Dei heeft in een interview gereageerd op De Da Vinci Code. Zij vinden dat de Da Vinci Code het Opus Dei ten onrechte beschrijft als een katholieke sekte. Een sekte is een godsdienstige beweging die zich heeft afgesplitst van de organisatie, er ontstaan dan dus twee verschillende kampen. Het Opus Dei heeft altijd volledig deel uitgemaakt van de katholieke kerk. Alle overtuigingen, praktijken en gewoonten van het Opus Dei stemmen overeen met die van de kerk. Het Opus Dei een sekte noemen is dus onjuist. De leden van het Opus Dei worden in De Da Vinci Code afgebeeld als monniken. Monniken leven voornamelijk in kloosters en trekken zich terug uit de wereld. Leden van het Opus Dei leven juist in de maatschappij en beleven daar het christelijk geloof, het zijn dus geen monniken. Zelfkastijding komt vaak voor uit religieuze overtuiging. De Cilice is een band van metalen ringen met haakjes aan de binnen kant. In The Da Vinci Code wordt de band door een volger van het Opus Dei om het bovenbeen gedaan als boetedoening voor de kruisiging van Jezus. De vormen van zelfkastijding die bij het Opus Dei aan de orde komen ligt de nadruk meet op de in het dagelijks leven gebrachte offers dan op grotere offers. Ze zeggen ook dat de verwrongen en overdreven schilderingen die in De Da Vinci Code voorkomen niets te maken hebben met het Opus Dei. Het Opus Dei bestaat nog steeds. Ze hebben ook een officià «le website: www.opusdei.org. Het hoofdkantoor van het Opus Dei staat in Rome. Het kent ongeveer 85.000 leden over de hele wereld. In 1959 is het Opus Dei in Nederland gekomen door Hermann Steinkamp. Hij vestigde zich in Amsterdam. In de jaren die volgden werden ook in Utrecht en Maastricht Opus Dei verenigingen opgericht. Opus Dei leden wonen op verschillende plaatsen in Nederland. Het hoofdkantoor van Nederland staat in Amsterdam. Dr. C.G.E. van der Ploeg is sinds 2008 het hoofd van het Opus Dei in Nederland. Nederland kent ongeveer 150 leden en 300 medewerkers. Priorij van Sion Wat is de priorij van Sion en hebben zij echt bestaan? De priorij van Sion is een geheim genootschap, zij hadden als belangrijkste opdracht om de bloedlijn van Jezus te beschermen. Er word beweerd dat de Priorij van Sion machtige geheimen bewaakt over de oorsprong van het Christendom. De priorij van Sion zou in 1090 zijn opgericht door een kruisridder genaamd; Godfried van Bouillon. In deze tijd waren de tempeliers verbonden met de Priorij van Sion maar door het incident in Gisor gingen beide organisaties een eigen kant op. De priorij van Sion zou vanaf toen meer in anonimiteit leven en de tempeliers speelden zich juist steeds meer in de kijker. De priorij zou onder leiding staan van een aantal grootmeesters; Sir Isaac Newton, Sandro Filipepi (botticelli) en Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo zou de laatste negen jaar van zijn leven de leiding hebben gehad over de Priorij. Echt bestaan of niet? De ideeà «n over de Priorij van Sion in de Da Vinci Code zijn gebaseerd op de verhalen van het boek; Het heilige bloed en de Heilige graal uit 1982. De onderzoekers; Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh en Henry Lincoln die dit verhaal hebben geschreven zijn aan de informatie gekomen van Pierre Plantard. Deze man beweerde dat hij ‘Dossier secrets bezat en dat hij de leider was van de Priorij van Sion. De officià «le oprichting van de Priorij van Sion zou zijn geweest door Pierre Plantard op 7 mei 1956. Nadat het boek â€Å"Het heilige bloed en de Heilige graal† uit was gekomen is er onderzoek gedaan naar alle gegevens in het boek. Uit deze onderzoeken is gebleken dat de documenten ‘Dossier secrets vervalsingen zijn en dat Pierre Plantard de Priorij van Sion heeft verzonnen. Plantard bedacht deze geschiedenis dat de Priorij van Sion al in de Middeleeuwen bestond en hij beweerde zelfs dat hij een afstammeling was van de merovingen. Pierre Plantard heeft in 1953 al 6 maan den vastgezeten vanwege het frauderen van documenten, dit helpt niet bepaald het geloven van zijn Priorij verhalen. Veel onderzoekers uit deze periode denken dat de Priorij van Sion helemaal niet bestaan heeft en dat het allemaal onzin is. Als de Priorij van Sion al heeft bestaan, bestond deze uit verschillende lagen. De Priorij van Sion is opgebouwd uit 9 lagen: 6561 Novices 2187 Croices 729 Preux 243 Ecuyers 81 Chevaliers 27 Commandeurs 9 Connetables 3 Senechaux 1 Nautonier ( Roerganger, Grand Master) Heilige graal Wat is de heilige graal nou precies? De heilige graal, wat is het nou precies? Het is altijd onduidelijk geweest wat de heilige graal precies is. Er gaan namelijk vele theorieà «n over de wereld die beweren wat het inhoudt. Elk mens, of het nu een professor, onderzoeker of gewoon een burger is, gelooft weer iets anders. De heilige graal is een beker. Uit deze beker heeft Jezus gedronken tijdens het laatste avondmaal. Deze beker zou ook het bloede hebben opgevangen tijdens de kruisiging van Jezus christus. Volgens de overlevering heeft Jozef van Arimathea de graal in veiligheid gebracht. Alleen niemand weet waar hij de graal heeft opgeborgen. Dit is een van de meest bekende en voorkomende theorie. Het is alleen niet de enige, er zijn er meerdere: De heilige graal zou niet in de tijd van Jezus christus zijn ontstaan. De heilige graal zou pas in de 12e eeuw voor het eerst zijn opgedoken in de tijd van koning Arthur. Koning Arthur en de ridders van de ronde tafel zouden samen op zoek zijn gegaan naar de heilige graal. Dit ging pas rond nadat een franse monnik hier een roman over schreef. Echter lang voor deze tijd ging er al een mondelinge traditie rond waarin over de heilige graal werd verteld. De theorie waar Dan Brown vanuit is gegaan is dat de heilige graal een aantal documenten waren waarin stond dat Jezus christus en Maria Magdalena getrouwd zijn geweest en zelfs voor nakomelingen hebben gezorgd. Deze gedachte heeft hij niet zelf verzonnen. Deze theorie is al eerder bedacht door anderen. Dan Brown heeft zijn theorieà «n gebaseerd op het boek ‘Het Heilige Bloed en de Heilige Graal, de schrijvers van dit boek waren de eerste die met deze theorie kwamen aanzetten. Dit gebeurde in 1982. De heilige graal zou niets anders zijn dan de bloedlijn van Jezus christus en Maria Magdalena. In het oud Frans betekent heilige graal: San Greal. Maar door 1 letterverschuiving krijgt het woord een hele andere betekenis namelijk: Sang real. Dit betekent koninklijk bloed. Maria Magdalena was de heilige graal. De bloedlijn van Maria Magdalena zou hebben gezorgd voor de eerste Koninklijke dynastie van Frankrijk, de meroveringen. Zij, Maria Magdalena, zou de bloedlijn naar Frankrijk hebben gebracht. ‘Het Heilige Bloed en de Heilige Graal is geschreven door de 3 schrijvers. Deze schrijvers kregen hulp van Pierre Plantard. Deze meneer, Pierre Plantard, beweerde dat hij heel veel wist over het verleden van de geschiedenis over de ‘da Vinci code. Later is gebleken dat deze meneer Plantard een oplichter was. Hij had al 6 maanden in de gevangenis gezeten omdat hij documenten had vervalst. Dit werkt natuurlijk niet mee in het verduidelijken van de geschiedenis. Dus wat er bekent is gemaakt in het boek daarvan weten we dus niet of het echt waar is of niet. Maar er is wel een nieuwe theorie bij gebracht. Er is dus nog steeds geen duidelijkheid over wat de heilige graal precies zou moeten zijn. Bloedlijn Is er nog een levende bloedlijn met Jezus of heeft deze nooit echt bestaan? Was Jezus echt getrouwd met Maria? In het boek van Dan Brown wordt er beweerd dat er een bloedlijn is van Jezus christus. Jezus christus zou een kind hebben verwekt bij Maria Magdalena. Maria zou zwanger zijn tijdens de kruisiging van Jezus Christus. Er gaan verschillende verhalen rond over de verhouding tussen Maria en Jezus. Jezus en Maria zouden getrouwd zijn en hebben samen 1 of 2 kinderen. Na de kruisiging ging Maria Magdalena samen met haar dochter Sarah naar Frankrijk. Sarah zou niet het enige kind zijn geweest, er word ook gespeculeerd dat Jezus en Maria een zoon zouden hebben, Jakobus. Het is onduidelijk of dit nu echt waar is of niet. De verhalen die rond gaan zijn dat Maria samen met Jakobus en Sarah naar Frankrijk zijn gegaan. Samen met haar zus Martha en de oom van Jezus hebben zij deze reis gemaakt. Het schijnt dat de oom van Jezus, een rijk man was. Hij zou de reis volledig bekostigt hebben. Nadat zij in Frankrijk waren aangekomen, zijn Maria en Sarah verder doorgereisd Frankrijk in. Jakobus zou naar Sp anje zijn gekeerd en begraven liggen onder Compostella. Het is altijd nog onduidelijk of er echt kinderen zijn voortgekomen uit de relatie van Maria Magdalena en Jezus christus. Als dit wel het geval was, is het heel goed mogelijk dat er een bloedlijn bestaat die nu nog steeds voortduurt. Het nageslacht van Jezus en Maria zouden dus de eerste merovingen zijn geweest, de eerste Koninklijke dynastie van Frankrijk. Jezus en Maria zouden een relatie hebben met elkaar en zelfs getrouwd zijn. Het is nooit echt bevestigd of dit waar is of niet. In het nieuwe testament word niet gesproken over Jezus en Maria die een relatie hebben. Maar Maria was wel bij belangrijke momenten in zijn leven. Uit het testament blijkt dat Maria aanwezig was bij de kruisiging en de graflegging van Jezus. Maria was ook de eerste die hem zag na zijn opstanding. Uit deze belangrijke momenten kan je toch wel zeggen dat Maria Magdalena een belangrijk persoon was in het leven van Jezus christus. Maria word in het Nieuwe Testament vooral als prostituee gezien. In 1969 heeft het Vaticaan toegegeven dat Maria Magdalena ten onrechte is beschuldigd als prostituee en dat voor 1400 jaar lang. Veel bijbel geleerde gaan er vanuit dat Jezus christus met Maria Magdalena was getrouwd. Zo zegt historicus Jacob Slavenburg, medevertaler van de Nag Hammadigeschriften: â€Å"Maria Magdalena was geen hoer die door Jezus in genade was aangenomen. In werkelijkheid was ze Jezus geliefde vrouw. In de eerste eeuwen stond Maria Magdalena bekend als de Apostola apostolorum, de apostel boven de apostelen.† Als Maria en Jezus al getrouwd zouden zijn dan was de kerk hier niet blij mee. Maria zou dan de gene zijn geweest die de lijn van Jezus zou voortzetten. Maria zou heel veel macht hebben, vooral als vrouw zijnde. De kerk vind dat vrouwen niet de macht horen te hebben. Als Maria Magdalena en Jezus Christus dan al samen een dochter, Sarah, zouden hebben dan was het voor de kerk een probleem. De kerk zag niets in een kerkleer waarin vrouwen een belangrijke rol spelen. Maria Magdalena Is Maria Magdalena echt begraven onder het Louvre? Is het Maria Magdalena of Johannes op hat ‘Laatste Avondmaal? Het Laatste Avondmaal is gemaakt door Leonardo Da Vinci. Hij is begonnen met het schilderij in 1495 en voltooide het in 1498. In de Bijbel is beschreven dat Jezus hier aankondigt dat à ©Ãƒ ©n van zijn twaalf volgelingen hem zal verraden. Er wordt beweerd dat van links naar rechts de volgende personen zijn: Bartholomeà ¼s, Jakobus de Mindere, Andreas, Judas Iskariot, Petrus, Johannes, Jezus Christus, Thomas, Jacobus de Meerdere, Filippus, Mattheà ¼s, Judas Taddeà ¼s en Simon. De twaalf apostelen hebben allemaal andere reacties op de aankondiging van Jezus. Bartholomeà ¼s, Jakobus de Mindere en Andreas kijken verrast. Andreas houd zijn handen omhoog, dit is een soort â€Å" dit is het einde gebaar†. Judas Iskariot, Petrus en Johannes vormen ook een groepje. Judas heeft een goudzakje in zijn handen, die hij heeft gekregen voor het verraden van Jezus. Petrus heeft een mes in zijn handen. Hij wenkt Johannes om te vragen wie Jezus bedoelt. Sommige mensen beweren dat dit niet Johannes, maar Maria Magdalena is. Het derde groepje bestaat uit Thomas, Jacobus de Meerdere en Filippus. Zij kijken alle drie vragend en geschokt, Thomas lijkt een verklaring te zoeken. Mattheà ¼s, Judas Taddeà ¼s en Simon praten er met zn drieà «n over. Over de vraag of het Maria Magdalena of Johannes is op het schilderij zijn de meningen flink verdeelt. Vroeger was het gebruikelijk om Johannes zonder baard af te beelden. Sommige mensen beweren dat de persoon vrouwelijke vormen heeft. In de Da Vinci Code hebben ze een gedetailleerde kijk op het schilderij. Hier wordt gezegd dat het Maria Magdalena moet zijn. De gewaden die Jezus en Maria aan hebben zijn bij zowel Maria als Jezus rood en blauw. Als je Maria uit deze afbeelding knipt en aan de linkerkant van Jezus plakt, ligt zij precies op zijn schouder. Het lijkt alsof dit Da Vinci zijn bedoeling was. Dan Brown laat dus zien dat er verschillende aanwijzingen verborgen liggen in dit schilderij. Wat doet het mes op het ‘Laatste Avondmaal? Op het laatste avondmaal is te zien dat Petrus een mes in zijn handen heeft. Deze houdt hij in tegenovergestelde richting van Jezus. In de Da Vinci Code laat Dan Brown zien dat dit niet de hand van Petrus is, maar dit is niet waar. In de gerestaureerde versies van het schilderij is duidelijk te zien dat dit wel de hand van Petrus is. Het is merkwaardig dat Petrus een mes in zijn handen heeft als Jezus net verteld dat à ©Ãƒ ©n van zijn leerlingen hem zal gaan verraden. Waarom het mes naar achter is gedraaid is niet duidelijk. Bronnenlijst http://www.danbrown.nl/Interviews/Interview-De-Da-Vinci-Code.pdf http://www.opusdei.nl/sec.php?s=607 http://www.seti2.nl/index_bestanden/Vinci.htm (het laatste avondmaal) bronnen van de letterlijk overgenomen stukken tekst. HDFC Bank: Securing Online Banking HDFC Bank: Securing Online Banking James Rapp Managing Information Security in Information Systems Summary The importance of banking online has grown enormously in the past decade. Making for more profit and better convenience it is not likely to fade away anytime soon. This also presents some new hurdles for the online banking community. As the number of banking online customers increases the amount of criminal attacker will also increase. The bank recognizes this trend and therefore to maintain and even grow customer confidence and trust they develop ways to keep the customer data and money safe. The bank has to take on an enormous feet which is to protect customers and staff from the attacker and themselves. The banking security is only as strong as the end user of the terminal machine or the end user/customer using a credit/debit card. Throughout this paper I will present key facts and issues of this case then I will go through these issues giving alternative solutions and engaging in the pros and cons of those solutions. Key Facts Operations for HDFC bank had first got up and running during the year 1995 of the month of January HDFC bank was one of the first banks to set up online banking. HDFC is a trusted name in banking, 2,544 branches, 9,333 ATMs, 1,399 towns cities. HDFC Bank is one of the leading private banks in India HDFC identifies public key infrastructure, during PKI’s infancy, as a suitable technology to address security. In the Indian sector of banking there are basically 5 types of banks: private sector banks, regional rural banks, foreign banks, Co-operative banks, and public sector banks. Once RBI had published the guidelines on internet banking HDFC started its online services. For internal risk management HDFC bank used technology-intensive models. The data center and backup systems where held at two different geographical locations in Mumbai. RBI guidelines report banks should utilize the outside experts known as ethical hackers to penetrate systems, inspect infrastructure, and test physical access controls HDFC has made the commitment to bring new products and attract new customers while signing with RSA security, the US based provider of IS solutions. Key Issues 1) Improving banks services to attract and keep new customers. 2) Throughout the banking authority maintain information security. 3) Continuity in business is essential, how to maintain it? 4) What are the security challenges in online banking? 5) What are the challenges faced by Salvi? 6) Compulsions at HDFC Bank. 7) Roadmap the chief information officer (CIO) can implement. Key Issue 1: Improving banks services to attract and keep new customers. Alternative Course Solution: a) Making the banking experience as fast and efficient as possible. Bringing up-to-date technologies to the front doors of the customer. State of the art website, phone applications and ATM’s will bring the banking experience to new levels. Pros: By utilizing these channels of communication between the bank and the customer a very nice freeway of information exchange begins to take shape. This is a very effective way to monitor customer transactions and to weed out the unauthorized user. Cons: At the same time tracking customers can be an issue. Unless an efficient, effective protocol is established to track customers through these various channels it could become a headache and very difficult to manage. To achieve a protocol that makes exchanging data over numerous channels work will endure cost. The adding of such protocol’s and policies will likely put the price tag higher. b) Taking an effective promotional stand will attract new customer and help boost the banks reputation helping to keep those customers. Pros: Setting the stage with an effective promotional scheme will certainly attract and secure new customers When the customer numbers increase so shall the banks revenue stream. Bringing a happy bank and happy employees. Cons: To develop and implement such a promotional scheme the bank will have to put out the money. Cost is always an issue when trying to improve you business. Reaching out to people and trying to attract new customers can back fire. If the promotion offends people, annoys people or if it is just done poorly then it could actually have the opposite effect and could eventually hurt the bank. c) By making use of website, phone app’s, ATM etc. . . . the bank can connect with the customer in a personal, effective way. Pros: Pulling off this venture will build the relationship between bank and customer. The banks rep will grow and that is a very positive thing. Having all of these channels through which the bank customer can use will provide a sense of anytime banking. Online, no problem, on the phone, no problem, on the road, no problem. Cons: If everything is not perfectly setup than the customer satisfaction rate will definitely suffer in which the bank will suffer. Ultimately by receiving a bad banking experience the bank could lose customers. Key Issue 2: Through the banking authority how to maintain information security? Alternative Course Solution: a) Keeping the personal data, confidential data out of the hands of non-authorized personal. Pros: Keeping sensitive information such as home addresses, telephone numbers, social-security numbers out of unauthorized hands will prevent fraud in credit, debit and account information. By maintaining the personal data in-house it will also make for a more informed staff making for a better service and more complete work force. Con: This security measure could hurt relationships. The sharing of information if done correctly could actually build a relationship and by taking this out of the equation it could actually prevent a great binding. The fact that an employee may use the information for a sinister purpose will always be a concern. The bank has to do the best they can with this type of in-house problem. b) Using a strategy that employ’s ethical hackers to attempt penetration on systems and network infrastructure. Pros: Will give the bank an awareness on which system programs are vulnerable to attack. Maintaining all personal info: home addresses, social security numbers and credit card numbers. Cons: By using ethical hackers the bank put its sensitive information out there. It gives up very sensitive information, its secrets so to speak. When bringing in outside help the bank also brings in additional expenses. To hire an ethical hacker the price tag could be very large. A salary for an ethical hacker shows the story. c) Maintaining software by way of updating and personal training. Pros: By testing and keeping watch of your systems the bank will achieve the ultimate efficiency. System programs, web applications, data servers etc. . . . all will be extremely enhanced. Cons: As we found with employing ethical hackers the price tag will no doubt go up. It is also possible that by taking this route the deliberate modification of some admin tools could take place. Key Issue 3: Continuity in business is essential, how to maintain it? Alternative Course Solutions: a) Backing up data, being able to recover if the need should ever arise. Pros: By backing up data the bank ensures itself in times of natural disaster, robbery, and any other type of event that could otherwise cause the bank to lose precious personal data. The fact the banking organizations have such a spread of devices and applications, channels of communication between the public having data backed up can make for a well programmed system in which real time information is received in a more-timely manner. Cons: Having information especially sensitive information always bring the possibility of the misuse of such data. The data will be stored on databases and SQL injections and other database driven attacks will be a real threat. The cost to ensure the correct safety measures and data systems will go up. b) Making use of geographically locations, having more than one location. Pros: Like other pro’s the bank can attract more and a new variety of customers by utilizing numerous bank locations. The range of people the bank will reach will increase thus bringing in new customers. By having more locations than the banking organization can spread. In doing this the bank will bring in better network connections and new and long lasting customers. Cons: If the bank does decide to invest in new locations that is exactly what they will have to do, invest. Putting out more money to open new locations, staff, devices, new protocols all add up. Deciding where to put these new branches could also be time consuming and costly. If a bank location go through and does not work out it would be like a money pit for the bank. Key Issues 4: What are the security challenges in online banking? Alternative Course Solutions: a) Making sure the customers data is stored safe and soundly. Pros: If this is done correctly the bank will gain a respectable reputation and with this will develop more customers. Having this much data and the type of data that it is can make for some pretty exciting and state-of-the-art systems. Cons: This is a task that is a lot easier said than done. If the security systems that are put into place to hold this data is not completely secure data theft could be a real possibility. Holding this much data will bring with it the cost factor. The more data and the more complex the system gets the more money will be needed to develop and implement a secure database system. b) Keeping a close relationship with the customer, not relying too much on automated systems. Pros: Making the effort to still provide a personal experience for the customer brings a sense that the bank cares and that they understand in a personal way. By keeping the personal connection with the banking customer the bank itself can tell what the vibe is on the back, hear what is trending, and basically have a view that is from the other side, the customer side. Cons: It is possible that by building such close bonds between bank staff and open public banking customer the bank opens up the door to insider attack. Employees that might have a negative view on the bank could reveal trade secrets, banking data, or sabotage. Key Issues 5: What are the challenges faced by Salvi? Alternative Solution Course: a) Making HDFC a â€Å"World class Indian bank†. Pros: This is a respectable ambition and it definitely sets the bar. Under the watch of Salvi the customer should know that customer care and satisfaction will be at the highest priority. Cons: Putting this type of standard in the mix could affect decisions, in turn the customer could suffer. To become a World class bank HDFC must transform the offline user to the online user. This is obvious but it is also a costly and very cumbersome project. b) Securing Online Banking. Pros: Without question making the hard transition from offline banking to online banking will create a more efficient better class of bank. If Salvi can make online banking secure than growing into the world class bank should follow. Cons: Online banking brings new security risks: authentication, authorization, privacy, integrity, and non-repudiation. The higher the banks reputation might actually make it a target for criminal trying to make a name for themselves. c) Reducing false positives Pros: This would help to not bother the law abiding, everyday banker. Over time the false positives should work themselves out and the banking system will be greater for it. Key Issues 6: Compulsions at HDFC Bank. Alternative Solution Course: a) Keeping customers in the automated channel. ATMS, online banking, mobile devices etc. . . Pros: This will provide customers with better services. By keeping up-to-date with the state-of-the-art technologies the bank keeps efficiency at an all-time high. This can attract new customers they like the fact that they can do banking business from the safety of their homes. Cons: The one-to-one bank teller to customer relationship gets forgotten about. Most Indian Bankers are familiar with the one-to-one banking, they like the personal service. b) Increasing customers Pros: The more customers the more money/revenue the bank will receive. Growth, gain, and prosperity are some key virtues of a bank and with this in mind HDFC should always be on top of their game. Cons: Always promoting, reaching out to increase the customer rate the bank could lose focus on what their really there for. The more customers the more problems. Key Issues 7: Roadmap the chief information officer (CIO) can implement. Alternative Solution Course: a) Secure the customer transition from offline to online banker. Pros: This will grow the banks revenue, increase customers, making for a very efficient banking system. This has to be accomplish if Salvi will reach the ultimate goal of World Class Bank. Cons: As is apparent phishing scams will come to light. With the online banking operation comes more security issues. Lose the personal relationship between customer and staff. b) Secure online banking. Pros: The online banker will feel more comfortable when doing business online. This is a step in the direction to become a world class bank. Will bring more with it a better reputation and more customers. Cons: The cost will always be a negative aspect of any progress. With the online banking even if it is considered secure the criminal element will be more of an issue. c) Evolve into the world class bank Pros: This is the goal that Salvi wishes to reach and it is a prestige’s accomplishment. With this comes the attention to detail, finer service a World Class elegance. Cons: With this with also bring the increasing of hardware and software maintenance, upkeep of websites, management of data centers. References Bose, Indranil. The University Of Honk Kong. â€Å"HDFC Bank: Securing Online Banking† Retrieved From: https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/access/35744031. April 4, 2015 PayScale, Inc. 2015. â€Å"Average Salary for Certification: Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH)† Retrieved From: http://www.payscale.com/research/US/Certification=Certified_Ethical_Hacker_%28CEH%29/Salary Rajpreet, Jassel. Ravinder, Sehgal. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering. â€Å"Online Banking Security Flaws: A study† Retrieved From: http://www.ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_3/8_August2013/V3I2-0257.pdf Odyssey Technologies. â€Å"Implementing Transaction Security For HDFC Bank† Retrieved From: http://www.odysseytec.com/Documents/CaseStudies/HDFC_SnorkelTX_CaseStudy.pdf 1